Module 2.2 Flashcards
Which fallacy literally means hitting the person below the belt instead of
focusing on the issue at hand?
A. mora licensing
B. equivocation
C. argumentum ad baculum
D. ad hominem
D
According to Husserl, the success of natural science lead to the gradual
scientific rejection of__________.
A. spirit
B. matter
C. nature
D. existence
A
Who institutionalized the pragmatic method of philosophizing?
A. John Dewey
B. Socrates
C. Ludwig Wittgenstein
D. George Hegel
A
What is Husserl’s point of view with regards to consciousness?
A. The study of consciousness is the same as the study of nature
B. The study of human consciousness differs from the way scientists
study nature.
C. It does not matter whether we study consciousness similarly or
differently than the way scientists study nature.
D. Husserl was not interested in the study of consciousness.
B
This fallacy is committed when one reaches a generalization based on
insufficient evidence.
A. ad misericordiam
B. false analogy
C. hasty generalization
D. post hoc
C
Which among these headlines presented information that are fair, objective,
and moderate?
A. It’s time to consider other means of cash aid distribution
B. Other countries around the world have much better means in cash
aid distribution
C. Government vows to faster distribution of coronavirus aid
D. We can also learn lesson from Vietnam how they distribute their cash
aid
D
Which among these headlines has no errors in terms of spelling, grammar,
and content?
A. Robredo Chides Government for Unclear Communication on New
Quarantine Rules
B. Robredo Blames the Government as They Don’t Have Clear Rules in
Quarantine
C. Robredo Charge the Government as Culprit of Confusion in Quarantine
D. Robredo blames those in Executive Branch for Communication’s
Unclear
A
Which among the following statements contain substantiated
generalizations?
A. “Drug war a massive failure”—Robredo
B. Robredo lies to world, shames the nation and herself in UN message
C. The real albatross on Leni Robredo’s neck
D. Let Leni plan on her own drug war
A
Which among the following authors could be the most credible according to
his or her Twitter account’s background?
A. Banat By – Simpleng tao na mahilig bumanat
B. Atom Araullo- Journalist. @ UNHCPPh Goodwill Ambassador
C. AkoNgaSY Lyco- Speak now or be silent forever. Follow me I will not
follow you
D. Senyora- Full time haciendera and professional husgadera
B
10.Which among the following publishers pose no particular agenda or bias?
A. Bulag Ang ABS-CBN sa Katotohanan by Antonio Brigas
B. ABS-CBN Naipasara Sanhi ng Di Pagrenew ng Prangkisa by GMA
News
C. Nararapat Lamang na Huwag ng Magbukas ang ABS-CBN by Balat
Sibuyas
D. Bye Bye Kapamilya by the Avengers
B
Methods of philosophizing
Here, we are going to explore some of the methods of philosophizing that
philosophers employ.
According to Wilber (2006) Think of wisdom as the summit of
the mountain with different paths to get there. We are going to study the different
paths to wisdom the philosophers offer.
The dialect method
The Socratic Method, pioneered by Socrates and conveyed through Plato’s Dialogues, aimed to achieve the “good life” by caring for one’s soul through clear awareness of important concepts like justice. This was achieved through disciplined conversation or dialectic, where Socrates questioned individuals to reveal their ignorance and contradictions, guiding them towards self-correction and understanding.
Socrates’ approach faced resistance in Athens, leading to his trial and execution. The method later influenced George Wilhelm Hegel, a German philosopher, who modernized it. Hegel believed in the evolution of ideas through dialectic: thesis and antithesis giving rise to synthesis. He applied this concept to society and culture, emphasizing the role of collective consciousness or “Spirit” in shaping human understanding and history.
The dialect
Thesis > Antithesis
Synthesis > Antithesis
Antithesis > Synthesis
Synthesis
The Pragmatic Method
Hundreds of years after the death of Socrates, a new philosophy emerged as
inspired by the idea of change initiated by the evolutionary thoughts of Hegel
and Darwin in 19th century America.
This philosophy became known as
pragmatism. It was started by Charles S. Pierce (1839-1914), popularized by
William James (1842-1910) and institutionalized in American culture by John
Dewey (1859-1952)
According to the pragmatists, philosophy seems to offer a set of beliefs about human beings and his relationship
to the world. Pragmatists offer no such beliefs. Rather, they seek to make philosophy relevant by solving real life
problems. It is purely a philosophy of method and not of
substance
Fallcy
1.Argumentum ad Hominem
“Attacking the
Person”
Hominem came from Latin word
“homo” which means man. This
fallacy literally means hitting the
person below the belt instead of
focusing on the issue at hand.
Ex.
“How can we believe him
when he talks about
social distancing, he is a
lawyer who is a liar.”
Fallacy
Argumentum ad
Baculum
(Appeal to Force)
Baculum is a Latin word which
means scepter or stick. A scepter
is a symbol of authority. Normally
it is the Pope who carries it in his
hands. This is committed when a
person uses threat or force to
advance an argument.
Ex.
“TV Patrol is the best
news program on TV. If
you don’t believe me, I
won’t let you watch the
TV.
Fallacy
Argumentum ad
Misercordiam
(Appeal to Pity)
Misercordiam came from Latin
word Misericordia which means
pity or compassion. A person uses
emotion such as pity to convince
someone
Ex.
“Forgive me officer, there
are lot of boarders in this
apartment including
myself. Only the owner
was issued a quarantine
pass. We don’t have
food, we can’t give our
ATM to the owner. That’s
why I went out. So I did
not violate the
Bayanihan Act Heal as
One.”
Fallacy
Argumentum ad
Populum
“Appeal to people”/ Bandwagon fallacy
Populum is the Latin word for
people. Most of TV commercials
are guilty of this argument which
exploit people’s vanity, desires,
etc.
Ex
“I’m sure you want to
have an i phone. Almost
80% of your schoolmates
are using it.”
Fallacy
Argumentum ad Tradition
“Appeal to Tradition”
Traditio means tradition.
Advancing an idea since it has been practice for a long time.
Ex.
All of us in the family,
from our ancestors up to
now, are devout
Catholics, so it is only right that you will be
baptized as a Catholic.
Fallacy
Argumentum and
Ignorantiam
“Appeal to Ignorance”
Ignorantiam a Latin word for
ignorance. Whatever has been proven false must be true and vice
versa.
According to Zecharia
Sitchin, the author of the
book “Cosmic Code,
“Adam was the first test
tube baby. Since nobody
proves otherwise,
therefore it is true.”
Fallacy
Petitio Principii
(Begging the Question)
it is a fallacy in which a
conclusion is taken for granted in
the premises. Also called-“circular
argument.”
“God exists because the
Bible says so. The Bible is inspired. Therefore we
know that God
Exists.
Hasty
Generalization
This fallacy is committed when one reaches a generalization
based on insufficient evidence
Ex.
Our neighbor who is a
police officer was
convicted of being a drug
dealer, therefore, all police officers are drug dealers.
Fallacy
Cause and effect
Assuming that the effect is related to a cause because both events
occur one after the other.
Ex.
“My teacher didn’t
collect the homework
two weeks in a row
when my friend was
absent. Therefore, my
friend being absent is
the reason why my
teacher doesn’t col
Fallacy of
Composition
Infers that something is true of a
part, is true of a whole.
.Ex.
“You are a doctor,
therefore you came from
a family of doctors.”
