Module 2.2

Question 1

4 stages of well-being

Answer 1

Comfort (needs met), discomfort, distress, pain
Suffering @ distress and pain

Question 2

4 stages of well-being

Answer 2

Comfort (needs met), discomfort, distress, pain
Suffering @ distress and pain

Question 3

Comfort

Answer 3

State of mental and physical equilibrium
Familiarity & ease in environment
Needs met
Normal activity

Question 4

Discomfort

Answer 4

External or internal stressors cause mild change in comfort
Behavior/physiological changes may occur-subtle

Question 5

Distress

Answer 5

No escape from stressors
Abnormal behavior
Disease and weird behaviors—compromised wellbeing

Question 6

Pain

Answer 6

Can’t verbalize, must observe behavior

Question 7

Stress

Answer 7

Effect of internal/external factors
Can be beneficial

Question 8

Stressors

Answer 8

Internal or external factors threatening homeostasis

Question 9

Nociception

Answer 9

Basic sensory ability to respond to potentially harmful stimuli

Question 10

Pain

Answer 10

Sensory perception of nociceptive stimulus
Requires consciousness

Question 11

Suffering

Answer 11

Pain is not mitigated
Animal experiences prolonged/severe state

Question 12

What do animals do to relieve suffering?

Answer 12

Alter behavior

Question 13

Abuse

Answer 13

Distress, pain and suffering are evidence
Court wants to know if animal experienced pain/suffering

Question 14

In court, expert witnesses must

Answer 14

Recognize pain/suffering
Describe animal’s experience

Question 15

Anthropomorphize

Answer 15

Human characteristics to non-humans
Helps understand animal suffering

Question 16

Criteria of pain

Answer 16

Possession of nociceptors which have pathways to the brain which have structures similar to cerebral cortex (physiological)
Opioid receptors and endogenous opioid substances in neural system
Reduction in adverse behavior/effect after analgesics/pain meds
Avoid potentially harmful stimuli rapidly and inelastically

Question 17

Why is pain biologically necessary?

Answer 17

To prevent injuries

Question 18

Congenital insensitivity to pain

Answer 18

Do not feel stimuli that is painful
Peripheral neuropathy can result in severe injury or death

Question 19

Acute pain

Answer 19

Sudden
Short duration
Self-limiting
Localized
Physiological and adaptive

Question 20

Chronic pain

Answer 20

Extended duration
Persists after injury
Pathological (no pain receptor required) and maladaptive (no benefit)
Often associated w peripheral nerve damage/inflammation

Question 21

Hyperalgesia

Answer 21

Heightened response to normally painful stimuli at injured area/surrounding

Question 22

Allodynia

Answer 22

Pain caused by stimulus that doesn’t normally cause pain

Question 23

Identifying pain

Answer 23

May exhibit differently
Predator vs. prey
Know normal first

Question 24

Physical indicators of pain

Answer 24

Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Pupil dilation
Hypertension
Hyperthermia
Neuroendocrine release-increased plasma cortisol
Decreased intestinal motility
Tremors/shaking

Question 25

Behavioral indicators

Answer 25

Varies Hyporexia/anorexia Increased sleeping Hiding Restless/agitatied Posture changes Gait changes Vocalizing Aggression Grooming changes

Question 26

Pain scales

Answer 26

Most species-specific, pain type, and language Most post-op

Question 27

Advantages of scales

Answer 27

Objectivity to something subjective Validated pain scales: multiple observers give similar scores at same point

Question 28

Disadvantages of scales

Answer 28

Most are acute pain Vary by species Animal should be known already

Question 29

CSU

Answer 29

Acute pain for dog, cat, horse, not validated

Question 30

Feline Grimace Scale

Answer 30

Acute pain Ear position, orbital tightening, muzzle tension, whisker change, head position Validated