module 26-28

Question 1

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

an organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it to

Answer 2

habituation

Question 3

learning that certain events occur together

Answer 3

associative learning

Question 4

any event or stimulation that evokes a response

Answer 4

stimulus

Question 5

the acquisition of mental info, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

Answer 5

cognitive learning

Question 6

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Answer 6

classical conditioning

Question 7

the view that psychology should be an objective science and study behaviors without reference to mental processes

Answer 7

behaviorism

Question 8

in classical conditioning, stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Answer 8

neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 9

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response

Answer 9

unconditioned response (UR)

Question 10

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response

Answer 10

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 11

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Answer 11

conditioned response (CR)

Question 12

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response

Answer 12

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 13

the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

Answer 13

acquisition

Question 14

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus

Answer 14

higher-order conditioning

Question 15

the diminishing of a conditioned response

Answer 15

extinction

Question 16

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 16

spontaneous recovery

Question 17

the tendency for stimuli similar to that conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Answer 17

generalization

Question 18

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 18

discrimination

Question 19

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Answer 19

operant conditioning

Question 20

thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely

Answer 20

law of effect

Question 21

a chamber used by skinner with a bar or key that an animal can manipulate

Answer 21

operant chamber

Question 22

an event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Answer 22

reinforcement

Question 23

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Answer 23

shaping

Question 24

a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

Answer 24

discriminative stimulus

Question 25

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers

Answer 25

positive reinforcement

Question 26

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

Answer 26

negative reinforcement

Question 27

an innately reinforcing stimulus

Answer 27

primary reinforcer

Question 28

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

Answer 28

conditioned reinforcer

Question 29

a patter that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Answer 29

reinforcement schedule

Question 30

reinforcing the desired response ever time it occurs

Answer 30

continuous reinforcement

Question 31

reinforcing a response only part of the time

Answer 31

partial reinforcement

Question 32

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Answer 32

fixed-ratio schedule

Question 33

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Answer 33

variable-ratio schedule

Question 34

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Answer 34

fixed-interval schedule

Question 35

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Answer 35

variable-interval schedule

Question 36

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

Answer 36

punishment

Question 37

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Answer 37

respondent behavior

Question 38

behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences

Answer 38

operant behavior