module 2B - muscles, skin and neurohistology Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
The primary tissue of motion wherein the fundamental protoplasmic property of contractility is highly developed
A
Muscular Tissue
2
Q
muscular system develops from :
A) Endoderm
B) Ectoderm
C) Mesoderm
A
C) Mesoderm
3
Q
The muscular system develops from the mesoderm, except for the _____________ which are neuroectodermal in origin
A
muscles of the iris
4
Q
It form the skeletal muscles of the trunk
A) Myotubes
B) Mesenchymal cells
C) Myoblasts
A
C) Myoblasts
5
Q
The limb muscles develop from
A) myogenic precursor cells in limb buds
B) mesoderm in the myotome regions of the somites
C) neuroectodermal in origin
A
A) myogenic precursor cells in limb buds
6
Q
What is the first indication of myogenesis during the development of skeletal muscle?
A) Elongation of the cell bodies of mesenchymal cells
B) Elongation of the nuclei of the mesenchymal cells
C) Elongation of the nuclei and cell bodies of mesenchymal cells
D) Elongation of the cell bodies of mesenchymal cells as its nuclei diminished.
A
C) Elongation of the nuclei and cell bodies of mesenchymal cells
7
Q
The primordial muscle cells
A) myotubes
B) mesenchymal cells
C) myoblasts
A
C) myoblasts
8
Q
The fusion of cell and multinucleated cylindrical structures that can be seen during the development of skeletal muscle are called ________.
A
Myoblasts
9
Q
In the thoracic and abdominal regions, the myotome divides into
A) hypomere and endomere
B) ectomere and hypermere
C) epimere and hypomere
D) mesomere and epimere
A
C) epimere and hypomere
10
Q
The small dorsal portion in the division of myotome in the thoracic and abdominal area.
A) epimere
B) hypomere
C) ectomere
D) mesomere
A
A) epimere
11
Q
The large ventral portion of the myotome in the thoracic and abdominal area
A) epimere
B) hypomere
C) ectomere
D) mesomere
A
B) hypomere
12
Q
The epimere is supplied by the ______.
A
dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve
13
Q
It will develop into the extensor muscles of the back
A) hypomere
B) myotubes
C) endomere
D) epimere
A
D) epimere
14
Q
It is supplied by the ventral ramus of the spinal nerve and develop into the lateral and ventral flexor musculature
A
Hypomere
15
Q
The following are the muscles invovled in the First pharyngeal arch EXCEPT
A) muscles of facial expression
B) anterior belly of the digastric muscle
C) tensor tympani
D) tensor palatini
A
A) muscles of facial expression (2nd pharyngeal arch)
16
Q
The following are the muscles which consists the 2nd pharyngeal arch except
A) muscles of facial expression
B) posterior belly of the digastric and auricular muscles
C) stylohyoid and stapedius
D) muscle of mastication
A
D) muscle of mastication
17
Q
Mandibular Arch and Trigeminal Nerve
A) 1st Pharyngeal Arch
B) 2nd pharyngeal arch
C) 3rd pharyngeal arch
D) 4&6 pharyngeal arch
A
A) 1st Pharyngeal Arch
18
Q
Cardiac muscle develops from
A)splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the endoderm of the primordial gut and its derivatives
B) splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the developing heart tube
C)splanchic mesoderm surrounding the uterus
A
B) splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the developing heart tube
19
Q
Cardia myoblasts differentiate from the ________
A) primordial myocardium
B) mesenchymal cells
C) myotubes
A
A) primordial myocardium
20
Q
True/ false
Myoblasts adhere to each other but the intervening cell membranes do not disintegrate
A
True
21
Q
Myoblasts adhere to each other but the intervening cell membranes do not disintegrate. These areas of adhesion give rise to _________.
A) A bands
B) I bands
C) intercalated discs
A
C) intercalated discs
22
Q
The smooth muscle in the walls of many blood and lymphatic vessels arises from
A) somatic mesoderm
B) somatic ectoderm
C) somatic endoderm
A
A) somatic mesoderm
23
Q
The muscles of the iris (sphincter and dilator pupillae) and myoepitheial cells in mammary and sweat glands are derived from the:
A) mesoderm
B) ectoderm
C) endoderm
A
B) ectoderm
24
Q
In the development of smooth muscle, the myoblasts become ________ are derived but do not fuse. They remain _________
A) spindle-shaped; mononucleated
B) elongated; multinucleated
C) spindle-shaped; binucleated
D) elongated; mononucleated
A
A) spindle-shaped; mononucleated
25
True or False
Absence of one or more skeletal muscles is not common and not generally recognized.
False - Absence of one or more skeletal muscles is more common than is generally recognized.
26
Failure of normal muscle development may be widespread leading to immobility of multiple joints.
A) Congenital torticollis
B) Congenital arthrogryposis
C) Duchene's Muscular Dystrophy
B) Congenital arthrogryposis
27
In Congenital arthrogryposis, the muscles involved are partially or completely replaced by
A) fats
B) fibrous tissue
C) Both A and B
C) Both A and B
28
Fixed rotation and tilting of the head due to fibrosis and shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle on one side
Congenital torticollis
29
Composed of elongated cells in the axis of contraction and organized in long units of structure which are often referred to as
Muscle fiber and Intercellular substance
Muscle Tissue
30
the form of loose connective tissue found between the smooth muscle cells but it is more abundant between cardiac and skeletal muscle.
A) muscle fibers
B) intercellular substance
C) myofibrils
D) myotubes
B) intercellular substance
31
A rich network of capillaries and nerves are found in this connective tissue which also serve to bind together the muscle fibers.
Intercellular substance
32
The following are general characteristics of Muscle Tissue EXCEPT:
A) unit of structure is elongated in shape which is an adaptation to its function of contraction
B) sarcoplasm appears fibrillar due its contents of myofibrils
C) staining is basophilic because it has a distinct affinity to base stains
D) cells and fibers are bound together by varying amounts of areolar connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves.
C) staining is basophilic because it has a distinct affinity to base stains
Correct: The staining is acidophilic or pinkish because it has a distinct affinity to acid stains.
33
Cytoplasm of muscle cells and fibers which are acid staining.
A) Sarcolemma
B) Sarcoplasm
C) Sarcosome
D) Myofibrils
B) Sarcoplasm
34
Cell membrane complex consisting of an external coating of protein polysaccharide
A) Sarcolemma
B) Sarcoplasm
C) Sarcosome
D) Myofibrils
A) Sarcolemma
35
Granules in the sarcoplasm which under the elerctron microscope is actually a mitochondrion
A) Sarcolemma
B) Sarcoplasm
C) Sarcosome
D) Myofibrils
C) Sarcosome
36
Fine threadlike structures in the sarcoplasm which are responsible for muscle contraction. They may appear either striated or not.
A) Sarcolemma
B) Sarcoplasm
C) Sarcosome
D) Myofibrils
D) Myofibrils
37
A linear unit which are membrane bound structures containing granules and sarcoplasmic reticulum, within the cytoplasm.
A) sarcomere
B) sarcosome
C) myofibrils
D) sarcoplasm
A) sarcomere
38
It refers to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which responsible for the release or uptake of calcium ions during contractions and relaxation of muscle, respectively.
Sacroplasmic reticulum
39
Striated, voluntary muscle
Skeletal Muscle
40
Composed of cylindrical cells that present cross striations whose contractions are quick, forceful and under voluntary control.
Skeletal Muscle
41
Striated, involuntary muscle.
Cardiac Muscle
42
Composed of cylindrical, branching cells that have cross striations whose contractions are rhythmic and under involuntary control.
Cardiac Muscle
43
Non-striated, involuntary muscle.
Smooth Muscle
44
Non-striated, involuntary muscle.
Smooth Muscle
45
Composed of fusiform-shaped cells which do not show cross striations and whose contractions are slow and under involuntary control.
Smooth Muscle
46
Composed of cylindrical muscle cells, which are referred to as “fibers” because of their shape in the light microscope.
Skeletal Muscle
47
Large numbers of parallel muscle fibers are grouped into fascicles or bundles.
Skeletal muscle
48
The entire skeletal muscle is enclosed by an external sheath of dense connective tissue called
A) epimysium
B) perimysium
C) endomysium
A) epimysium
49
In skeletal muscle, A thin septa of dense connective tissue that extend inward, surrounding bundles of fibers within a muscle is called
A) endomysium
B) perimysium
C) epimysium
B) perimysium
50
In skeletal muscle, each muscle fiber is surrounded by a delicate layer of loose connective called
A) endomysium
B) perimysium
C) epimysium
A) endomysium
51
The nuclei of the skeletal muscle cells are ________ and located _______
A) mononucleated; centrally
B) multinucleated; periphery or eccentrically
C) binucleated; periphery
B) multinucleated; periphery or eccentrically
52
In transverse sections, they are resolved as fine dots either uniformly distributed or grouped in polygonal areas called
A) Mesophragma
B) Triad
C) fields of Cohnheim
C) fields of Cohnheim
53
interpreted as shrinkage artifacts and have no functional significance.
fields of Cohnheim
54
Functional and structural unit of contraction in skeletal muscle.
Sarcomere
55
The dark bands which are refractile or birefringent under polarized light.
A) Mesophragma band
B) Isotrophic bands
C) Anisotrophic bands
C) Anisotrophic bands
56
light bands that do not alter polarized light.
A) intermediate disc of Hensen
B)Isotrophic bands
C) mesophragma bands
B)Isotrophic bands
57
Each I band (isotrophic band) is bisected by a dark transverse line called
A) Z line
B) H line
C) M line
A) Z line
58
defined as the segment between two successive Z lines
Sarcomere
59
True or false
The sarcomere is defined as the segment between two successive I lines and therefore includes the A band and half of the two contiguous z bands.
False - The sarcomere is defined as the segment between two successive Z lines and therefore includes the A band and half of the two contiguous I bands.
60
At the center of the A band is a pale zone called
A) I band (isotrophic band)
B) M band (mesophragma)
C) H band (intermediate disc of Hensen).
C) H band (intermediate disc of Hensen).
61
In the center of this H band is a narrow dark line, known as the;
A) I band (isotrophic band)
B) M band (mesophragma)
C) H band (intermediate disc of Hensen).
B) M band (mesophragma)
62
The depolarization of sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, which results in the release of calcium ions, is initiated at a specialized __________, on the surface of the muscle cells.
myoneural junction
63
In the skeletal muscle, there are fingerlike invaginations of the sarcolemma that form a complex anastompsing network of tubules that encircle both A-I junctions of each sarcomere in every myofibril called __________.
system of transverse (T) tubules
64
specialized complex, consisting of SR-T tubule – SR components, is known as the __________.
“triad of skeletal muscle.”
65
In transverse sections, they are uniformly distributed in polygonal areas called Conheim’s area or fields of Conheim, believed to be a shrinkage artifact.
Myofibrils
66
The interior of the muscle fiber is occupied by __________.
myofibrils
67
Composed of spindle or fusiform shaped muscles which do not branch.
Smooth muscle
68
Nucleus is single and situated in the middle bulging portion of the cells.
Smooth Muscle
69
Capacity for regeneration is small, and great defects heal by scar formation.
Smooth muscle
70
they can develop from perivascular mesenchymal cells.
Smooth muscle
71
X linked recessive disease affecting boys which is associated with total absence of dystrophin, a protein of the membrane cytoskeleton that is necessary for stabilizing the cell membrane of all three types of muscle
Duchene’s Muscular Dystrophy
72
Smooth muscle cells that lie between the glandular epithelial cells and the basal lamina of the secretory alveoli (acini) of salivary glands, lacrimal glands and mammary glands.
Myoepithelial cells
73
They are also referred to as “basket” cells because of their branching, stellate shape and their position near the base of the alveolus.
Myoepithelial cells
74
These cells expel the secretion from the acini to the ducts of the glands by contraction.
Myoepithelial cells
75
The T tubule system is not regularly arranged as that seen in striated muscle.
A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
76
Although present, the calcium regulating sarcoplasmic reticulum is greatly reduced.
A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
77
They do not form a sarcomere
A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
78
Its myofilaments criss cross obliquely through the cell, forming a latticelike network
A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
79
Contraction of this muscle cells is relatively slow.
A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
80
These muscle cells may remain contracted for long periods without fatigue.
A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
81
These muscle cells can undergo partial or wavelike peristaltic contractions
A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
82
composed of spindle or fusiform shaped cells
A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
83
Contains one, centrally located, nucleus, arranged into layers or sheets and covered by connective tissue sheaths
A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
84
Can be found dispersed in the connective tissue of certain organs
A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
85
May be grouped to form a small bundle, like the arrector pili muscle in the skin and may be the predominant tissue, like the uterus.
A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
86
Termination of myelinated somatic motor nerve fibers on striated muscles
Motor End Plate
87
This specialized junctional region at the termination of a motor nerve on skeletal muscle fibers is also termed as myo-neural junction.
Motor End Plate
88
Consists of elongated muscle fibers that do not branch.
A) Skeletal Muscle
B) Cardiac Muscle
C) Smooth Muscle
A) Skeletal Muscle
89
Striated myofibrils arranged in characteristic Kollickers columns.
A) Skeletal Muscle
B) Smooth Muscle
C) Cardiac Muscle
A) Skeletal Muscle
90
Composed of striated, cylindrical, branching muscle fibers, with one or two nuclei located at the center, arranged in bundles or fasicles
A) Skeletal Muscle
B) Smooth Muscle
C) Cardiac Muscle
C) Cardiac Muscle
91
Represent junctional complexes adjacent cardiac myocytes.
Intercalated discs
92
Enumerate the three main junctional specialization within the intercalated discs.
–Fascia adfherens
–Desmosomes
–Gap junction
93
the most prominent membrane specialization in the transverse portion of the disc.
A) fascia adherens
B) desmosomes
C) gap junctions
A) fascia adherens
94
Serves as anchoring sites for actin filaments of the terminal sarcomeres
A) fascia adherens
B) desmosomes
C) gap junctions
A) fascia adherens
95
Also known as fascia junctions
A) fascia adherens
B) desmosomes
C) gap junctions
A) fascia adherens
96
Bind the cardiac cells together to prevent their pulling apart under constant contractile property.
A) fascia adherens
B) desmosomes
C) gap junctions
B) desmosomes
97
Also known as maculae adherens
A) fascia adherens
B) desmosomes
C) gap junctions
B) desmosomes
98
On the lateral portion of the discs, which has ionic continuity between adjacent cells
A) fascia adherens
B) desmosomes
C) gap junctions
C) gap junctions
99
Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system
Sensory (afferent) division
100
Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system
Motor (efferent) division
101
Functional and structural unit of the nervous system.
Nerve Cell
102
Enumerate the Three Major Parts of the Nerve Cell
1. Cell body 2. Dendrites 3. Axon
103
The cell body is also known as ______
A) soma
B) perikaryon
C) Both A & B
C) both A& B - soma & perikaryon
104
Trophic and genetic center of a neuron.
Cell body
105
The cell body has a nucleus that is spherical, usually large, pale staining, centrally located with a prominent nucleolus. It is describe to have a _______ appearance.
A) spoked- wheel
B) face like a clock
C) fish-eye
C) fish-eye
106
The cell body's cytoplasm contains Nissl’s granules, which are basophilic, due to
A) the abundance of granular reticulum and ribosomes.
B) the abundance of mitochondria and lipofushin
C) the abundance of neurofibrils and centrosomes
A) the abundance of granular reticulum and ribosomes.
107
Short cytoplasmic processes that are specialized in receiving stimuli.
A) axon
B) dendrites
C) soma
B) dendrites
108
Dendrites are found close to ______.
A) axon
B) terminal bouton
C) node of ranvier
D) soma
D) soma
109
minute, tiny spines which serve as sites of synaptic contact.
A) gemmules
B) dendrites
C) axon
A) gemmules
110
Axon is also known as ________
A) soma
B) axis cylinder
C) perikaryon
B) axis cylinder
111
Which of the following DO NOT contain Nissl's substance?
A) Soma
B) Dendrites
C) perikaryon
D) axon
D) axon
112
It is a long cytoplasmic process that is specialized in conduction of action potentials.
Axon
113
True/False
Usually, there are two axons per neuron.
False - Usually, there is one axon per neuron.
114
Part of the perikaryon that leads directly into the axonal process
A) Initial Segment
B) Axon Proper
C) Axon Hillock
D) Terminal Arborization
C) Axon Hillock
115
Part of the myelinated axon between the apex of the axon hillock and the beginning of the myelin sheath
A) Initial Segment
B) Axon Proper
C) Axon Hillock
D) Terminal Arborization
A) Initial Segment
116
Main trunk of the axon, excluding the initial segment.
A) Terminal end bulb
B) Terminal Arborization
C) Axon Proper
D) Axon Hillock
C) Axon Proper
117
Also known as telodendroglia and it make synaptic contact
A) Terminal end bulb
B) Terminal Arborization
C) Axon Proper
D) Axon Hillock
B) Terminal Arborization
118
Contains abundant mitochondria and neurosecretory vesicles
A) Terminal end bulb
B) Terminal Arborization
C) Axon Proper
D) Axon Hillock
A) Terminal end bulb
119
Forms part of a synapse, the pre-synaptic membrane.
A) Terminal bouton
B) Terminal Arborization
C) Axon Proper
D) Axon Hillock
A) Terminal bouton
120
Outermost covering of Axon
Henle's Sheath
121
Sheath of Schwann Cells
Neurolemmal Sheath
122
Immediate covering of the axon
Myelin Sheath
123
Sheath of key and retzius
Henle's sheath
124
Begin in the embryo as bipolar cells which are later fused to form a single T-shaped process.
Pseudo-unipolar
125
two processes, a dendrite and an axon
bipolr neuron
126
Found in the retina, olfactory mucosa, cochlear and vestibular ganglia of the inner ear.
A) bipolar neuron
B) pseudo-unipolar neuron
C) unipolar neuron
D) multipolar neuron
A) bipolar neuron
127
More than two processes. Seen in the motor neurons of the CNS and the autonomic ganglia
A) bipolar neuron
B) pseudo-unipolar neuron
C) unipolar neuron
D) multipolar neuron
D) multipolar neuron
128
Also known as afferent neuron.
A) Sensory neuron
B) Motor neuron
C) Association neuron
A) Sensory neuron
129
Also known as efferent neuron
A) Sensory neuron
B) Motor neuron
C) Association neuron
B) Motor neuron
130
Serves as linkage between afferent and efferent neurons
A) Sensory neuron
B) Motor neuron
C) Association neuron
C) Association neuron
131
Carries nerves impulses toward the center
A) Sensory neuron
B) Motor neuron
C) Association neuron
A) Sensory neuron
132
Carries impulses away from the center
A) Sensory neuron
B) Motor neuron
C) Association neuron
B) Motor neuron
133
This usually begins in the third week after an injury.
Nerve Regeneration
134
Distal to the site of injury.
A) Primary Degeneration
B) Secondary Degeneration
C) Nerve Regeneration
B) Secondary Degeneration
135
Neurites grow 3–4 mm/day distally, guided and then myelinated by the Schwann cells.
A) Primary Regeneration
B) Secondary Regeneration
C) Nerve Regeneration
C) Nerve Regeneration
136
Schwann cells proliferate and phagocytose the degenerated tissues and invade the remaining endoneural sheath
A) Primary Degeneration
B) Secondary Degeneration
C) Nerve Regeneration
B) Secondary Degeneration
137
Proximal to the site of injury
A) Primary Degeneration
B) Secondary Degeneration
C) Nerve Regeneration
A) Primary Degeneration
138
There is an incomplete degeneration. The Perikaryon enlarges and chromatolysis or dispersal of Nissl’s substance occur. The nucleus moves to eccentric position
A) Primary Degeneration
B) Secondary Degeneration
C) Nerve Regeneration
A) Primary Degeneration
139
The changes in the primary degeneration takes place within
A) 5days
B) 2 hrs
C) 2days
D) 2weeks
D) 2weeks
140
The changes in the secondary degeneration takes place within
A) 3-5 days
B) 1-2 days
C) 2-3days
C) 2-3days
141
Sequence of depolarization or impulse transmission travels along the axon away from the cell body.
A) Saltatory conduction
B)Antidromic spread
C)Orthodromic spread
C)Orthodromic spread
142
Impulse travels toward the cell body
A) Saltatory conduction
B)Antidromic spread
C)Orthodromic spread
B)Antidromic spread
143
Depolarization of myelinated axons occur only at the nodes of Ranvier
A) Saltatory conduction
B)Antidromic spread
C)Orthodromic spread
A) Saltatory conduction
144
Portion of the terminal bouton membrane closest to the target cell
Pre synaptic membrane
145
Fluid filled space that guide the neurotransmitter across the gap
Synaptic cleft
146
Portion of the plasma membrane of the next neuron or target cell.
Post synaptic membrane
147
ability to respond to stimuli
Irritability
148
In netve regeneration, the proximal stump of the axon gives rise to a protrusion of smaller processes termed _______.
Neurites
149
Important supportive cells of the CNS.
Astrocytes
150
Form and maintain the myelin sheath in the CNS.
Oligodendrocytes
151
Line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
Ependymal cells
152
Also known a neurolemma
Schwann cells
153
gaps in myelin sheath along the axon
Nodes of Ranvier
154
Capable of secreting myelin sheath in the PNS
Schwann cells
155
Also known as peripheral nerves
Nerve
156
Group of nerve fibers outside the CNS which contain myelinated axons, Schwann cells and fibroblasts
Nerves
