MODULE #3 Flashcards

Question

coercive stance

Answer 1

1. the subject will reject any need to develop a relationship with negotiators. 2. The subject uses his or her power over the hostage to attempt to force demands.

Answer 2

1. communicates threats to the hostages; 2. the hostages make pleas to the offender and the negotiators 3. the offender hopes these pleas will help reinforce direct messages he or she is sending to the negotiators.

Answer 3

the offender is mentally or emotionally ill

Answer 4

1. financial, 2. family, and 3. social pressures

Answer 5

They begin as a crime that suddenly goes wrong-a fight between significant others that escalates when the police arrive or one disputant tries to leave, or an emotionally unstable person who becomes delusional.

Answer 6

1. Reducing tension is an important early objective for negotiators 2. the first 3 to 4 hours are most dangerous, if nobody is killed by then, there is a good chance that everybody will remain safe. 3. the first half hour is the most critical because the offender is most likely to be unclear of his or her plans.

Answer 7

1. the negotiator can be placed in a position to fill those needs. 2. As the offender gets hungry, the negotiator can manipulate the appeasing of his or her appetite to gain trust and to reduce anxiety.

Answer 8

1. hostages become emotionally attached to the hostage taker and feared the police 2. after a number of days of captivity, hostages develop positive feelings toward the hostage taker and negative feelings toward the authorities who are attempting to resolve situations. 3. can be considered a potential survival tool for the victims. Developing a relationship with a hostage taker, who is unknown to them, will help personalize the victims. 4. The offenders might come to view them as humans with feelings, families, and personal lives.

Answer 9

1. Why is the individual in crisis now? 2. What are the precipitating events that led up to the crisis? 3. Has the individual attempted to deal with the crisis in the past? 4. How successful was the coping? 5. What resources are available? What resources are needed?

Answer 10

1. the interviewer must collect information in much the same way as with the beginning of most interviews. 2. The interviewer must develop rapport and a relationship with the subject-interviewee and identify and reflect the content and feelings of the subject's problems

Answer 11

1. especially to be used when subjects have mental or emotional disorders 2. Heavy emphasis is placed on listening, paraphrasing, reflection of feelings, clarification, empathy, and summarizing 3. includes the importance of providing some accurate information when relevant

Answer 12

1. It is important to keep the subject involved so the solutions, planning, and implementation become a partnership. 2. The more the offender believes he or she is contributing to working toward a solution, the more likely he or she will be willing to buy into that solution.

Answer 13

1. the communication approach that combines techniques from the basic bargaining negotiation approach built on social exchange theory and the expressive negotiation approach that primarily focuses on the emotional level of the subject.

Answer 14

1. Based on the social exchange theory 2. the identification of demands and clarification of terms for exchange of resources. 3. According to the social exchange theory, negotiations involve rewards and costs for each party; the negotiation action involves the exchange of some object or commodity in return for other objects or commodities. 4. Overall effective negotiation is the result of rational discourse between the contending parties.

Answer 15

focuses on the impact of emotion and relationship

Answer 16

1. if there are hostages, they rarely function as a bargaining chip to achieve specific outcomes but rather as expressive acts of the offender to demonstrate his or her ability to control others. 2. the interest of both the offender and negotiator is to prevent the situation from escalating to injury or death. 3. the high emotional level reached during a crisis situation can negatively impact a negotiated outcome. Emotion is such a central element that the likely response is the instinctive "fight or flight" rather than problem solving. Relationship and trust building are viewed as critical factors in resolving crisis incidents.

Answer 17

communication negotiation approach

Answer 18

the negotiation process is dynamic and dependent on the interaction between the negotiators and the subjects

Answer 19

S.A.F.E. model

Answer 20

1. substantive demands, 2. attunement, 3. face, and 4. emotions.

Answer 21

instrumental demands made by the offender (I want a cigarette), and the counter-expectations made by the negotiator (we need to know that the hostages are safe)

Answer 22

1. the development of the relationship between the negotiators and the subject. 2. Power and trust are core elements of the relationship between the offender and those in power such as the police. 3. Power concerns dominance and submission. 4. The offender desires dominance and resists submission. 5. Trust revolves around the degree to which the subject and negotiators are willing to accept the idea that a future act by the other will not be detrimental. 6. The negotiator will have to help the subject find benefit in submitting. 7. The subject's emotions must be identified and managed.

Answer 23

1. is the offender's perceptions of his or her own attributes, but also often has a social identity. 2. Saving face is a principal component of the identity concern

Answer 24

I. The offender defends own face with self-directed messages designed to protect his or her self-image: "It's not my fault." 2. The offender attacks own face with self-directed messages against his or her self-image: "I have nothing to live for." 3. The offender attempts to restore own face: I'm not as crazy as you think." 4. The offender attacks the negotiator: "You're jerking me around." 5. The negotiator attempts to restore the offender's face: "You have lots of people who care about you." 6. The negotiator defends, and at the same time, protects the offender's face from future attack or loss: "I think you are really a strong person for how you've handled this situation so far."

Answer 25

1. The offender will be concerned with his or her safety, so the negotiator must be able to help the subject work through the consequences of his or her actions. 2. Usually, perpetrators believe their actions are more serious, and the consequences much worse than they really are, so the negotiator can explain and thus minimize them to some extent

Answer 26

1. Positive progress in a negotiation is indicated by less violent content in the offender conversing with the negotiator 2. the offender talking more with the negotiator; 3. the offender talking at a lower rate, pitch, or volume; 3. the increased willingness on the part of the offender to discuss personal issues. 4. Positive signs toward the release of hostages include negotiations getting past a deadline set by the offender without incident, 5. a decrease in the number of threats made by the offender, and 6. the absence of violence.

Answer 27

1. include the disclosure of information that the offender has recently killed a significant other, especially a child; 2. the offender demands that he or she be killed by officers; 3. the offender refuses to negotiate; 4. the offender sets a deadline for his or her own death; and 5. the offender has a past history of violence.

Answer 28

l. Is the action necessary at this moment? 2. If the answer is yes, what has changed to make tactical entry necessary? 3. Is the entry acceptable? Can we document the justification so it will stand up to media and public inspection tomorrow?

Answer 29

Focused listening Responsive listening Communication encouragers

Answer 30

1. HNs place themselves in a position where they can hear what the HT is communicating to them. 2. They should create an environment that is conducive to clear communication. Before speaking with the HT, the HN should gather as much information as possible about the hostage situation. 3. A background search may be conducted on the HT to try and determine the motivation for this attack. 4. They may gather intelligence about the environment the hostages are being held in and determine if a face-to-face conversation is possible. 5. If the hostage situation is similar to previous ones, can the HN use any strategies that have been implemented before? 6. Is there anything that is out of control of the police, such as a media message from a government source that might influence the HT in a positive or negative way? 7. Essentially any preparations that will allow the HN to enter the first conversation with an edge in the negotiations should be undertaken. 8. Then, when the HN opens up a conversation with the HT, they are ready to hear what he or she has to say.

Answer 31

involves allowing the speaker to say what they want without being interrupted

Answer 32

1. Minimal Encouragement: The HN might make a small encouraging sound or use a phrase such as, “Ok, go on” to encourage the HT to keep speaking. 2. Echoing/mirroring language: The HN would repeat the last word or phrase that the HT uttered. This demonstrates that the HN has been listening carefully and is following what the HT is saying. 3. Energy word or phrase: While talking, the speaker might place extra inflection on a particular word or phrase. The listener then repeats that word or phrase back to the speaker.

Answer 33

1. is to identify the passion, energy and commitment in the language or statement being made. 2. The HN may want to know a specific piece of information, but they need to be careful to allow the HT to set the rhythm of the conversation. 3. By allowing the HT to guide the conversation, the HN has to be patient and come back to a specific question later.

Answer 34

are specific techniques that the HN can use to keep the HT talking and to convey the message that they are being heard by the HN

Answer 35

summarizing and paraphrasing

Answer 36

With summarizing, the HN repeats back what the HT has said, actually using some of the same words or phrases the HT used.

Answer 37

1. Liking 2. Authority 3. Reciprocity 4. Commitment/Consistency 5. Social Validation/Proof 6. Scarcity

Answer 38

1. we are more likely to be persuaded by an individual that we like than one that we do not like 2. Physical attractiveness: we attribute positive traits like being talented, kind, honest and intelligent to attractive people, even though research suggests that attractive people are no more likely to possess these traits than less attractive people are. Thus, we like attractive people more than unattractive people. 3. Similarity: people like others who are similar to them more than those who are different. 4. Compliments: people like others who make positive comments to them, even though they may realize that the flattery is false.

Answer 39

Generally speaking, people are influenced by authority figures and we are more likely to comply with a request made by someone with authority over us than to a request made by someone with little to no authority over us.

Answer 40

1. take the word of an expert rather than think for themselves 2. are socialized to obey, having been brought up by parents to obey authority figures like doctors and teachers 3. perceive that the authority figure is credible or an expert 4. pay attention to superficial cues that signal authority (e.g., wearing a uniform, possessing a title)

Answer 41

1. This rule states that we should try to repay in kind what another person has provided for us. 2. If someone does a favour for us or gives us something, we feel an uncomfortable imbalance and want to restore balance by reciprocating with a favour or gift of our own. 3. In hostage situations, the HN can use the rule of reciprocity to try and influence the HT’s behavior. 4. If the HN arranges for small concessions, such as the delivery of food for the terrorists and hostages, the HT may feel pressure to respond with a concession, such as releasing a hostage. 5. This “quid pro quo” relationship can foster feelings of liking and cooperation.

Answer 42

1. People want to appear consistent in their words, beliefs and actions. 2. If someone publicly commits to a course of action, they don’t want to back down and change their mind. 3. This would make them seem untrustworthy or inconsistent. 4. This applies to hostage situations because once a terrorist group has publicly made demands, they would “lose face” if they changed their mind and didn’t follow through with the threats they made. 5. It is important that the HN is aware that this principle can influence the HT’s behaviour. 6. If the HT feels like their demands will not be met, they may start to escalate the situation and begin killing hostages.

Answer 43

1. occurs when we look to other people to determine how we should personally behave. 2. We are social animals and we look to other people for cues to how to behave.

Answer 44

1. Uncertainty: When a person is unsure of their surroundings or the situation is unclear, they will pay more attention to how others are acting 2. Similarity: People are more likely to be influenced by the behaviour of others who are similar to them

Answer 45

1. opportunities seem more valuable to us when they are less available. 2. So, if an item is rare or becoming rare, it is more valuable. 3. Scarcity is a powerful tool because people have a strong emotional reaction to the thought of losing something. 4. To build up pressure and use scarcity to their advantage, many groups will set a deadline for their demands to be met.

Answer 46

1. crisis teams that include a mental health consultant are rated as more effective than those that do not have a mental health professional 2. can provide valuable services in both training and on-scene support that can enhance the overall effectiveness of the team 3. communications training as the most valuable skills utilized by negotiators. It is here that psychologists can make some of their most valuable contributions 4. can aid the crisis team by providing practical guidance as to the nature of any diagnoses or personality patterns observed, and their implications for approaches to negotiation strategy

Answer 47

1. the initial 15-45 minutes when confusion and panic are likely to be greatest. 2. during the surrender of HTs, when hair-trigger emotions, ambivalence, and lack of coordination among HTs and crisis team members can cause an otherwise successful resolution to go bad. 3. Finally, tactical assault (“going in”) to rescue the hostages carries the highest casualty rate

Answer 48

1. the very fact that tactical intervention is necessary indicates that all reasonable attempts to resolve the crisis by negotiation have failed, and that violence against the hostages has already taken place or is imminent. 2. Second, if a firefight ensues, the resulting panic and confusion may result in hostages being inadvertently injured or killed.

Answer 49

1. One especially dangerous risk factor is whether the hostage is known to and/or deliberately selected by the HT. 2. a HT who purposefully selects his hostage is usually on a mission to make a statement or “teach them a lesson.” 3. The goal often involves at least frightening or intimidating the intended hostages, if not actually injuring or killing them. 4. where the HT intends to commit a murder-suicide 5. the incident has escalated to a hostage and barricade situation, and the stakes are higher. 6. A diagnosed major mental disorder is another general risk factor for violence. 7. Anything that indicates that the HT has already decided not to live through the crisis is a bad sign, inasmuch as a person with no hope or regard for his own life will typically have little regard for the lives of others. 8. Test-firing or threat-firing of a weapon, or other deliberately provocative action may be a sign of impulsivity, poor judgment, or a tendency toward especially violent behavior. 9. Such display behavior only serves to heighten the unpredictability and dangerous of the situation as a whole. It may also represent a suicide-by-cop gesture.

Answer 50

1. Secure the perimeter 2. Provide for scene control

Answer 51

1. The first priority is to isolate and contain the HT and to secure the perimeter 2. the perimeter should be large enough to allow freedom of movement of the tactical and negotiating teams, and small enough to be kept under observation and control by the authorities. 3. More than one perimeter (e.g., inner and outer) may be necessary.

Answer 52

1. marshalling medical services, controlling local traffic, dealing with the media, and keeping the surrounding community sufficiently informed to protect their safety. 2. some form of communication needs to be established with the HT - the sooner you begin a dialog with the HT, the less time he has to stew and consider drastic options.

Answer 53

1. attempting to gather information about the HT’s background, criminal history, mental health and/or substance abuse history, family structure, employment status, and so on. 2. intelligence-gathering also includes basic tactical information such as the physical layout of the hostage scene, surrounding community, and access to support services.

Answer 54

coloring your style of communication and interaction to best fit the subject, but with the overarching goal being a sincere and honest commitment to everyone’s welfare

Answer 55

1. Reasonable problem-solver 2. Buddy-fellow traveler 3. Dumb-but-trying – “Detective Columbo.” 4. Firm, accepting-directing. 5. Nonjudgmental and helpful 6. Compassionate but competent. 7. Reinforce appropriate behavior 8. authentic chameleon - flexibility

Answer 56

1. Arguments. 2. power plays 3. moralizing 4. Diagnosing

Answer 57

1. helps the subject clarify what he’s feeling. 2. It contributes to a state of calmness by reducing internal confusion. 3. Sometimes, just giving an intense feeling a name shows that the emotion is understood and that the subject is less out of control than he may think. 4. Also, by focusing on the HT’s emotions, you allow a break from discussing demands and issues, and at the same time let the HT know you’re interested in how he feels about things, not just in what he’s currently complaining about or what he and you may want from each other.

Answer 58

1. basically rephrasing the subject’s statement in your own words. 2. it reinforces empathy and rapport 3. actually clarifies what the HT is saying 4. it encourages the subject to slow down and listen, and may deflect any hostile action against hostages. 5. promotes a verbal give-and-take that does not automatically put the subject on the defensive. 6. just hearing one’s own thoughts spoken out loud by someone else can provide clarification and a new perspective.

Answer 59

1. emotion labeling 2. paraphrasing 3. Reflecting/Mirroring 4. Minimal Encouragers 5. Silence and Pauses 6. “I” Messages 7. Open-Ended Questions.

Answer 60

1. the negotiator repeats the last word or phrase, or the key word or phrase, of the subject’s statement in the form of a question, thereby soliciting more input without actually asking for it. 2. It also allows the negotiator to buy time if he cannot immediately think of an appropriate emotional label or paraphrase, while still encouraging the HT to think about what he’s just said. 3. Early in the negotiation, it allows information to be gleaned in a nonconfrontational way, and is a generally good initial rapport-builder.

Answer 61

1. little conversational speech fillers we all use to indicate that we’re paying attention to someone during a conversation. 2. consist of short utterances and questions that let the HT know that the negotiator is listening, but don’t interfere with the HT’s narrative flow. 3. Indeed, the purpose is to encourage the HT to keep talking. 4. Examples include: “Oh?” “I see.” “Yeah.” “Uh-huh.” “When?” “And?” “Really?” “You do?” “ She did?”

Answer 62

1. Aside from just buying time, silence can be used strategically. 2. in a relatively active conversation, your silence encourages the subject to fill it the gaps, which keeps him talking. 3. Following a statement by silence is also a way of emphasizing a point you’ve just made. 4. best used in combination with other techniques, and may be particularly effective when used in conjunction with minimal encouragers. 5. Be careful about too much silence, however, because you don’t want the HT to think he’s being ignored or was forgotten about

Answer 63

1. People under extreme stress often become suspicious and defensive, and any statements that are too directive may sound like an insult or attack. 2. keep potentially accusatory-sounding “you’s” out of the conversation 3. I-statements clue the subject in on what effect he’s having on the negotiator’s perception, while at the same time allowing for some subjectivity and personalization of the negotiator.

Answer 64

1. the negotiator asks questions that cannot be answered with a simple yes-or-no. 2. encourages the subject to say more without the negotiator actually directing the conversation. 3. This technique may be used in combination with other active listening techniques, such as minimal encouragers, reflecting/mirroring, and silence. 4. As with interview techniques, open-ended questions can be followed or combined with closed-ended queries.

Answer 65

make the HT work for everything he gets by extracting a concession in return, no matter how small, for each demand satisfied.

Answer 66

1. The challenge in hostage crises, then, is to maintain your bargaining position without unduly agitating the HT and triggering a violent confrontation. 2. can use demands as a profiling and intelligence gathering tool: beyond basic physical needs, what the HT asks for in a crisis can yield clues to his personality and priorities. 3. don’t ask the HT if there are any demands 4. don’t offer anything not explicitly asked for, 5. don’t deliver more than absolutely necessary to fulfill the request 6. never say “no” to a demand, but not saying no is not equivalent to saying yes. 7. deflect, postpone, and modify

Answer 67

1. start with the most vulnerable or least desirable, from the HT’s standpoint. 2. many HTs will relinquish hostages that they perceive as being “too much trouble” to keep around, such as sick or injured victims, children, or overly hysterical hostages, while holding on to the more healthy and manageable ones. 3. let the HT make the first offer, that is, how many hostages he’s willing to release.

Answer 68

include food, drinks, cigarettes, and environmental controls, such as heat, air conditioning, electricity, plumbing, blankets, and so on.

Answer 69

include illegal drugs, weapons, release of friends or relatives in prison, or exchange of hostages.

Answer 70

may depend on the special circumstances and judgment of the negotiating team include alcohol, money, media access, transportation, or freedom.

Answer 71

1. although deadline demands are relatively common, very few deaths have actually occurred as the direct result of a deadline not being met, especially in more common robbery or domestic dispute hostage crises. 2. on’t set deadlines yourself. 3. If the HT makes a deadline, log it, but don’t mention it again to the HT if he doesn’t bring it up. 4. The goal is to ignore the deadline and let it pass by, keeping the subject engaged in conversation. 5. If there has been no conversation with the HT for a while, initiate contact prior to the deadline and keep him engaged. 6. Use the passage of time to expend adrenalin and let fatigue set it, but beware of total exhaustion which may lead to heightened irritability and impulsive action.

Answer 72

1. Define the problem 2. Brainstorm solutions 3. Eliminate unacceptable solutions 4. Choose the best possible solution 5. Plan the implementation 6. Implement the plan 7. Assess the outcome 8. Repeat and modify as necessary

Answer 73

Question: What do we want to do here? Answer: Get everybody out safely.

Answer 74

1. What are some of the ways that we can achieve the goal of resolving this crisis without injury? 2. Allow the HT to make suggestions and amend and supplement them with your own. 3. Give the HT as much input into the problem-solving process as he is willing to provide, since people are more likely to stick with plans, the greater their initial degree of buy-in.

Answer 75

Some of the HT’s suggestions and demands may be clearly unreasonable

Answer 76

Try to narrow it down to one or two points that can be agreed upon for the present.

Answer 77

1. Whatever the choice of alternatives, make sure everybody understands exactly who’s going to do what and when. 2. Under states of extreme emotional tension, it only takes one small glitch to foul everything up.

Answer 78

If possible, walk the HT through the steps that have been laid out in your mutual planning by keeping phone communication open at all times

Answer 79

1. Whatever the action and its outcome, big or small - assess and log how smoothly the deal went down, as this will provide a pretty good indicator of how subsequent negotiations will play out. 2. If problems are identified, modify the approach accordingly.

Answer 80

1. Whatever the action and its outcome, big or small - assess and log how smoothly the deal went down, as this will provide a pretty good indicator of how subsequent negotiations will play out. 2. If problems are identified, modify the approach accordingly.

Answer 81

Always be flexible. If the approach needs to be modified in light of new circumstances, do so.

Answer 82

1. In negotiating with a schizophrenic HT, remember that the predominant underlying emotion is likely to be some combination of fear and anger, so the use of calming techniques may seem like the obvious choice. However, they tend to be less responsive to normal emotional cues, so don’t expect a close correspondence between your active listening interventions and the subject’s response. 2. Often the basis for rapport in these situations comes from the subject’s need to explain himself and his motives, so by all means let him talk, interjecting only when his speech tone and content reflect an extreme escalation that might lead to violence. 3. neither agree nor disagree with the delusional ideas or motives 4. A better strategy is to acknowledge the content of the delusion and try to ally yourself with the subject’s perspective and perception of the situation, while keeping the focus on present reality.

Answer 83

1. forget about changing his mind or reasoning him out of his belief. 2. exquisitely sensitive to attempts to fool or manipulate them and are often quite perceptive in this regard, so stay away from tricks and strategems as much as possible. 3. Straightforwardness and calmness are the keys to a successful negotiation with this subject. 4. Open negotiations in a logical, factual, respectful, and unemotional manner 5. Ask for the subject’s view of the situation and request clarification if necessary. 6. If the subject gets angry, keep your cool and request further clarification of the subject’s complaint. 7. Allow productive ventilation, but beware of the subject self escalating himself into a rage.

Answer 84

1. regards the use of rapport. 2. For the most part, any attempt to “get close” to a paranoid subject is likely to be interpreted as an attempt to manipulate him, so negotiators need to tread a thin line between being too cold and standoffish versus trying to be too inclusive and engaging. 3. Keep things clear and direct, and focus the negotiation on solving concrete problems.

Answer 85

1. depressed subjects may be despondent and suicidal and therefore especially dangerous precisely because they have “nothing to lose” by taking hostages to the grave with them. 2. Without overpatronizing, the stance of a nurturant parental model or supportive authority figure may appeal to a depressed subject because it gives the impression of structure and control. 3. Don’t verbally “rush” the subject; rather, begin the conversation at a slow pace and gradually pick up the tempo over time. 4. Begin with open-ended questions and allow for long pauses before the answers come. If this goes nowhere, ask simple, direct, closed-ended questions. 5. Use reflection of feelings as necessary. 6. If the subject begins to dwell on a painful, unjust past or a bleak, purposeless future, try to keep the time perspective grounded in the present. 7. Avoid deep religious or philosophical issues, if possible, but if the subject seems intent on discussing these, let him speak and use gentle verbal direction to keep things focused on the here-and-now. 8. If the subject brings up suicide, address it forthrightly. If he doesn’t explicitly mention it, but nevertheless seems suicidal, gently inquire. 9. Ask what he’s thinking of doing. Usually, attempts to “talk him out of it” are of little avail, but find out what’s important to him, and try to give him a glimpse of a better future.

Answer 86

1. try to provide a firm, supportive presence; in essence becoming the new, if temporary, parental figure. 2. It is very important for the negotiator to help the insecure avoidant-dependent HT find a resolution to the crisis that doesn’t leave him feeling like he’s failed again, which may impel him to do something even more desperate. 3. Let the initial ideas for peaceful resolution come from the HT, expand and refine them with your own good suggestions, and as much as possible, make it seem like everything positive that happens is the subject’s idea, with your own mentor- like praise and support. 4. It’s also a good idea to keep friends and relatives away from the scene so that the subject is not tempted to prove himself by “going out like a man.”

Answer 87

1. the antisocial HT’s very coldbloodedness can actually facilitate negotiations if you can convince him that sparing lives is the easiest way for him to achieve his objectives. 2. Appeal to his self-interest: releasing at least some of the hostages leaves you with less baggage to deal with; a good-will gesture may result in a lighter penalty; don’t give the SWAT guys an excuse to move in and take you out; and so on. 3. Promise only what you can deliver. 4. Tone-wise, a reasonable, problem-solving approach probably works best – involved, but unemotional. 5. To keep the HT’s mind off the hostages, keep him busy with you, the negotiator. Be as straightforward as possible, and realize that virtually nothing he says can be taken at face value.

Answer 88

1. In hostage situations, such subjects may make no demands at all – they just want their victim to suffer. 2. Or they may make unreasonable demands 3. use the relationship factor to your advantage. 4. Careful application of active listening techniques will help build rapport and diffuse toxic emotions. 5. Try to show the subject that you’re on his or her side by providing soothing reassurance, empathy, support, and structure. 6. Interestingly, many borderlines are so starved for nurturant human connection, that they may be unusually susceptible to such rapport-building approaches. 7. The downside is that their feelings can turn on a dime once they believe you’ve crossed them or let them down. 8. carefully take your cue from the subject 9. encourage talking, but be cautious not to let venting escalate into loss of control. 10. Be especially careful about involving family members or other third parties, who may inflame the situation.

Answer 89

(1) surrender, (2) escape, (3) suicide, or (4) killing of hostages

Answer 90

1. anything the negotiating team can do to make this easier for the HT will work in favor of saving lives. 2. As with all such guidelines, each negotiator must adapt this system to his or her particular situation and type of HT. 3. Trying to manipulate or browbeat a HT into capitulation may have the opposite effect because few people want to give up, believing it to be a sign of weakness. 4. Rather, a successful resolution will usually involve allowing the HT to come out on his own with as much dignity preserved as possible. 5. everyone on the negotiating and tactical teams needs to be on the same page, and any plan must be understood, agreed to, and followed by all. 6. Work out how the HT will come out, how the arrest will be made, and what will happen next. 7. need to establish with the team what are the limits of acceptable and unacceptable terms, and what are the practical constraints of the situation. 8. When dealing with the HT, avoid the use of words like “surrender,” “give up,” or other terms that connote weakness and loss of face.

Answer 91

1. emphasize to the HT what he has to gain by this action at the present time. 2. Be realistic but optimistic. 3. Minimize any damage done so far 4. The basic strategy is to emphasize what bad things have not happened and the subject’s role in preventing further harm. 5. Find out what assurances are needed by the HT and whether or not the team can accommodate them 6. In planning for a successful resolution, let the subject set the pace; if he is agreeing to come out at all, this is not the time to rush things.

Answer 92

1. HT talks more to HN 2. HT is willing to discuss personal issues with the HN 3. The HT uses less violent language and fewer threats 4. The HT speaks more slowly, less loudly and at a lower pitch 5. A deadline passes without a violent incident

Answer 93

1. HT reveals they have recently killed a significant other 2. The HT demands to be killed by the police 3. The HT refuses to negotiate 4. he HT sets a deadline for their own death 5. The HT has a history of violence

Answer 94

1. involves assessing the likelihood that a given individual will commit violence in the future. 2. experts view risk in terms of a continuum or range. A person can be slightly dangerous, moderately dangerous or extremely dangerous.

Answer 95

1. What is the nature of the violence that may occur? For example, is the individual likely to commit physical violence, sexual violence, or both? 2. What is the likely severity or seriousness of the violence? For example, will the individual shoot or stab their spouse? Are they planning to murder someone? 3. What is the frequency of the violence or how often might the violence occur? Is it likely to be an ongoing threat (e.g., an abusive husband who will frequently hit his wife) or is it more likely to be a one-time threat (e.g., a planned bombing)? 4. How imminent is the violence? Is it likely to occur very soon or in the more distant future? 5. What is the likelihood or probability that the violence will occur? Is the chance that the individual will engage in future violence low, moderate or high?

Answer 96

1. describes the probability that an individual will commit future criminal or violent acts. 2. focus of this component is on identifying the risk factors that are related to this likelihood of future violence

Answer 97

1. describes the development of interventions to manage or reduce the likelihood of future violence. 2. The focus of this component is on identifying what treatment(s) might reduce the individual's level of risk or what conditions need to be implemented to manage the individual's risk.

Answer 98

1. risk prediction 2. risk management

Answer 99

1. it highlights the idea that ·probabilities may change across time. 2. it recognizes that risk level reflects an interaction will among a person's characteristics, background, and possible future situations that affect whether the person engages in violent behaviour

Answer 100

routinely conducted in civil and criminal contexts

Answer 101

refer to the private rights of individuals and the legal proceedings connected with such rights

Answer 102

refer to situations in which an individual has been charged with a crime.

Answer 103

1. civil commitment 2. child protection 3. immigration laws 4. School and labour regulations 5. Duty to warn

Answer 104

1. requires an individual be hospitalized involuntarily if he or she to has a mental illness and poses a danger to him- or herself or others. 2. In Canada, only a psychiatrist can civilly commit someone·to a hospital.

Answer 105

1. involves the laws that are in place to protect children from abuse.

Answer 106

prohibit the admission of individuals into Canada if there are reasonable grounds for believing they will engage in acts of violence or if they pose a risk to the social, cultural, or economic functioning of Canadian society.

Answer 107

also include provisions to prevent any kind of act that would endanger others.

Answer 108

1. Mental health professionals are expected consider the likelihood that their patients to will act in a violent manner and to intervene to prevent such behaviour.

Answer 109

The assessment of risk occurs at nearly every major decision point in the criminal justice and forensic psychiatric systems, including pretrial, sentencing, and release

Answer 110

1. Is the disclosure of information about potential risk. 2. This disclosure must be considered in light of the solicitor client privilege that is fundamental to criminal proceedings

Answer 111

1. true positive 2. true negative 3. false positive 4. false negative

Answer 112

represents a correct prediction and occurs when a person who is predicted to be violent engages in violence.

Answer 113

a correct prediction and occurs when a person who is predicted not to be violent does not act violently

Answer 114

represents an incorrect prediction and occurs when a person is predicted to be violent but is not.

Answer 115

is also an incorrect prediction and occurs when a person is predicted to be nonviolent but acts violently.

Answer 116

Represents the percentage of people within a given population who commit a criminal or violent act

Answer 117

determining base rates.

Answer 118

1. It is difficult to make accurate predictions when the base rates are too high or too low. 2. can vary dramatically depending on the group being studied, what is being predicted, and the length of the follow-up period over which the individual is monitored. 3. general rule is that it is easier to predict frequent events than infrequent events.

Answer 119

A problem that emerges when attempting to predict events that have a low base rate is that many false positives will occur.

Answer 120

1. These cases and similar ones call into question the ability of mental health professionals to make accurate predictions of violence. 2. the base rate for violence was relatively low 3. the false positive rate was very high 4. These findings indicate that in the past many mentally disordered forensic patients were needlessly kept in restrictive institutions based on erroneous judgments of violence risk.

Answer 121

1. limited number of risk factors being studied. Violent behaviour is due a complex interaction between individual dispositions and situational factors. - In other words, people engage in violence for many different reasons. - Many risk factors are likely involved, including the person's background, social situation, and biological and psychological features. - Many studies have focused on only a limited number of risk factors. 2. How the criterion variable (the variable you are trying to measure) is measured. - Researchers have often used official criminal records as their criterion measure. - Many crimes may never be reported to police. - Thus, many false positives may be undiscovered true positives. - use of official records underestimates violence. - When official records are combined with interviews with patients or offenders and with collateral reports (information from people or agencies who know the patient or offender), the rate of violence increases 3. How the criterion variable is defined - researchers will classify their participants as having either engaged in violence or not - coding needs to be expanded - likely that some risk factors will be associated with certain forms of violence

Answer 122

Belief that a correlation exists between two events that in reality are either not correlated or correlated to a much lesser degree

Answer 123

1. Clinicians include traits they intuitively believe to be important or assume to be associated with the risk but that actually are not 2. Clinicians also tend to ignore base rates of violence 3. tend to be overconfident in their judgments

Answer 124

1. Unstructured clinical judgment 2. mechanical prediction 3. structured professional judgment

Answer 125

1. is characterized by a substantial amount of professional discretion and lack of guidelines. 2. There are no predefined rules about what risk factors should be considered, what sources of information should be used, or how the risk factors should be combined make a decision about risk. 3. Thus, risk factors considered to vary across clinicians and vary across cases

Answer 126

1. involves predefined rules about what risk factors to consider, how information should be collected, and how information should be combined to make a risk decision 2. risk factors do not vary as a function of the clinician and the same risk factors are considered for each case. 3. the risk factors used have been selected and combined based on their empirical or statistical association with a specific outcome 4. a study has been done in which a number of risk factors have been measured, a sample of offenders have been followed for a specific period, and only those risk factors that were actually related to reoffending in this sample are selected

Answer 127

1. actuarial prediction was equal to or better than unstructured clinical judgment in all cases. 2. sum, the weight of the evidence clearly favours actuarial assessments of risk

Answer 128

their sole reliance on static risk factors, which do not permit measuring changes in risk over time or provide information relevant for intervention

Answer 129

1. Decisions are guided by a predetermined list of risk factors that have been selected from the research and professional literature. 2. Judgment of risk level is based on the evaluator's professional judgment 3. the term professional is used to acknowledge that it is not only clinicians who make evaluations of risk but a diverse group, including law enforcement officers, probation officers, and social workers)

Answer 130

1. Identify risk factors 2. Measure risk factors 3. Combine risk factors 4. Produce risk estimate

Answer 131

1. certain high-risk repeat offenders 2. convicted of three or more offences and were “consistently leading a criminal life. 3. designated habitual offenders could be sentenced to an indeterminate time in prison

Answer 132

1. Anybody who has been convicted of a serious personal injury offence, but has not yet been sentenced, who constitutes a “danger to the life, safety or mental/physical well-being” of others 2. Both violent offences that warrant a minimum 10 year sentence and sexual offences are eligible for the DO designation. 3. People given the DO designation can be detained for an indeterminate amount of time and have to wait 7 years for parole (rather than the standard 3 years). 4. The current version of this act stipulates that one psychiatrist has to testify to the offender’s threat to others.

Answer 133

1. was developed due to concerns that many sexual and violent offenders were not labeled as DOs, but still posed a significant risk to the public and warranted closer supervision than the average offender. 2. designation is used most frequently when the offender is likely to commit sexual violence in the future.

Answer 134

1. They are convicted of a serious personal injury offence 2. The current offence warrants a prison sentence of 2 years or more 3. There is a substantial risk that the offender will reoffend, causing serious harm in the future 4. There is a reasonable possibility that the risk can eventually be controlled in the community

Answer 135

1. an efficient but fallible rule of thumb that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. 2. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume they are commonplace.

Answer 136

if assessors are involved in the criminal justice system and deal with violent offenders regularly, they may overestimate the risk of violence in the general prison population because they can easily bring to mind examples of violent offenders.

Answer 137

Static & dynamic

Answer 138

Static & dynamic

Answer 139

Static dynamic historical dispositional

Answer 140

is a measurable feature of an individual that predicts the behaviour of interest, such as violence.

Answer 141

1. fluctuate over time and are amenable to change. 2. An antisocial attitude is an example of a dynamic risk factor, since it is possible that treatment could modify this variable. 3. other examples: lack of self-awareness, impulsivity and feelings of anger or hostility toward others

Answer 142

1. do not fluctuate over time and are not changed by treatment 2. Age at first arrest is an example of a static risk factor, since no amount of time or treatment will change this risk factor 3. other examples: age of first arrest, childhood maltreatment, past violent behaviour

Answer 143

1. Risk factors that refer to events that have been experienced in the past (e.g., age at first arrest). 2. Also known as static risk factors

Answer 144

Risk factors that reflect the individual's traits, tendencies, or styles (e.g., negative attitudes)

Answer 145

Types and symptoms of mental disorders (e.g., substance abuse)

Answer 146

1. factors that refer to aspects of the current environment (e.g., access to victims or weapons). 2. Sometimes called situational risk factors

Answer 147

1. identified young age as a risk factor for violence 2. The younger the person is at the time of his or her first offence, the greater the likelihood that the person will engage in criminal behaviour and violence. 3. Offenders who are arrested prior to age 14 tend to have more serious and more extensive criminal careers than those who are first arrested after age 14

Answer 148

1. Increasing the number of risk factors used to predict future violence. 2. Looking at more than just official records to assess whether the offender truly committed a violent act. 3. Moving from a dichotomous judgement (committed violence vs. did not) to a rating of violence that includes things like severity of violence and motivation for violence.

Answer 149

1. factors that mitigate or reduce the likelihood of antisocial acts or violence in high-risk offenders. 2. These are variables that compensate for a person’s risk factors and constitute strengths or resiliencies against adverse outcomes. 3. Some examples of protective factors are prosocial involvement, strong social supports, positive social orientation (e.g., school, work) and strong attachments to prosocial others and intelligence

Answer 150

(1) instrumental, "to provide the necessities of life"; (2) emotional, "to give strength to"; (3) appraisal, "to give aid or courage to"; (4) infonnadon, "by providing new facts."

Answer 151

was developed to identify and target risk factors associated with re-offending

Answer 152

the greatest amount of treatment resources should be focused on the highest risk offenders.

Answer 153

suggests that interventions should be targeted at specific dynamic factors

Answer 154

treatment should be tailored to match the specific traits and needs of offenders.

Answer 155

How imminent the violence is

Answer 156

indeterminate; 7 years

Answer 157

Mental health professionals predicted that far more mentally ill offenders would commit violence than actually did

Answer 158

Unstructured clinical judgement

Answer 159

static risk factor; dynamic risk factor

Answer 160

Treatment programs based on the RNR model showed the largest reduction in both sexual and general recidivism

Answer 161

1. Violence Risk Scale 2. Level of Service/Case Management Inventory 3. Static-99

Answer 162

1. is a structured profesc~ (LS/CMI) professional judgment tool designed to provide information on an offender's risk to reoffend while at the same time providing treatment targets to reduce the offender's risk. 2. consists of 26 items: It consists 6 static risk factors and 20 dynamic risk factors. 3. The static risk factors are: - Age of first violent conviction - Number of juvenile convictions - Violence throughout life span - Stability of family upbringing - Prior release failures/escapes - Current age 4. examples of the 20 risk factors are: - emotional regulation/control - insight into violence - impulsivity - work ethic

Answer 163

1. is a comprehensive risk/need-assessment and treatment-planning system. It consists of 11 sections that are scored based on a semi-structured interview and review of the offender's file information. 2. Contains items designed to measure the "central eight" risk factors that have been reliably associated with recidivism - Pro criminal attitudes/orientation - Antisocial personality pattern - criminal history - family/marital relationship problems - Lack of leisure/recreation activities - antisocial companions - Alcohol/drug problem - education/employment problems

Answer 164

1. a 10-item actuarial scale designed to predict sexual recidivism. 2. All items on this scale are static in nature. 3. Scores on the Static-99 can range from 0 to 12, with scores being associated with four-risk categories: low, moderate-low, moderate-high, and high 4. Items include the following: - Young age at time of release - Ever lived with intimate partner - Any prior nonsexual violent convictions - Any index non-sexual violent convictions - Number of prior sex offences - Number of prior sentences - any male victims - any unrelated victims - any stranger victims - any noncontact sex offences

Answer 165

The process of ceasing to engage in criminal behaviour

Answer 166

identify the key risk factors for offending and tool prevention methods designed to counteract them

Answer 167

1. * Public health surveillance (i.e., developing and refining data systems for ongoing analysis and disseminating data). 2. Risk group identification (i.e., identifying individuals at greatest risk of disease or injury and the places, times, and other circumstances associated with increased risk). 3. Risk factor exploration (i.e., analytically exploring the potentially causative risk factors). 4. Program implementation and evaluation (i.e., designing, implementing, and evaluating preventive measures based on an understanding of the population at risk and the community’s identified risk factors).

Answer 168

1. reducing risk, 2. reducing negative chain reactions, 3. establishing self-esteem and self-efficacy, and 4. opening up opportunities.

MODULE #3 Flashcards

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