Module 3 Flashcards
(31 cards)
Why is Canada a young AND old country?
Because its formal history began in 1867, but has been inhabited for at least 40,000 years.
What two events impacted the nature of Canadian society and its regions?
o The arrival of the first people
o The arrival of Europeans
Who are the “First People”
North America’s first people were Old World hunters who arrived via the Beringia land bridge 40,000 years ago.
The great melt began around 15,000 years ago and made possible the migration of old world hunters into the heart of North America.
What are the two theories of diffusion (ancient migration)?
The Corridor theory
The Sea Route theory
What are Paelo-indians?
o Descendants of the Old World hunters
o Devised fluted spear points, dating 13,500 BP
o Three groups:
* Clovis culture 13,500 to 12,500 BP
* Folsom culture 11,000 to 10,200 BP
* Plano culture 10,000 to 8,000 BP
What did europeans call the new world?
“Empty Lands”
How many Indians and Inuit lived in Canada at time of first contact?
as many as 500,000
What was the first permanent settlement in Canada?
Quebec City!
Two reasons the indigenous population continued to drop throughout colonization?
Warfare and Disease
Two waves of British immigration
Wave 1- Loyalists
Wave 2- British and Irish immigrants in first half of 19th century
What did the two waves of British immigration do for Canadas demographic?
Balance of power shifted from a French Canadian majority to an English-speaking one
The 4 British colonies when Canada began in 1867
-Upper Canada
-Lower Canada
-New Brunswick
-Nova Scotia
What was the “Land Survey”?
was crucial to European settling of the Prairies
o It gave the Prairies its distinctive
“checkboard” pattern
o It sparked the first clash between
the Métis and the Canadian government
What was the importance of the prairies?
o Expand population
o Counter threat of American expansion
o Desire to establish grain economy to provide freight for the Canadian Pacific Railway
When did Canada become independent?
1931
What is a parliamentary gov’t?
- parliament—legislature combining legislative and executive
functions - consists of an appointed Senate, elected House of Commons
- prime minister, head of government, is majority party leader
- All ten provinces have own legislature and premier (prime minister)
- federal government administers the territories
What three initiatives did John A. Macdonald launch in the nineteenth century that determined the course of Canadas history?
- The building of the CPR
- Establishing an industrial core in Central Canada through the National Policy
- Assimilating Canada’s Indigenous peoples
One important flaw of the early Canadian gov”t
Favoured Central Canada!
Centralist?
Centralists argue for a strong central government, national policies that exert political dominance over provinces, and a strong national economy
Decentralist?
Decentralists argue for the devolution of powers to the provincial governments and diversification of regional economies
What is a transfer program?
Program offered by the federal gov’t that transfer funds to provinces and territories
Four Main transfer programs
o the Canada Health Transfer (CHT)
o the Canada Social Transfer (CST)
o Equalization
o Territorial Formula Financing (TFF).
How many Indians did the last census (2021) record in canada?
1,882,745
What are indigenous rights?
- Indigenous rights are group or collective rights that stem from Indigenous Peoples’ occupation of the land before contact
- They apply most readily to status (registered) Indians and Inuit
- Métis are less well protected
