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BIO 101 LE 1 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of Mature Seed (3)

A

Seed Coat
Cotyledon(s)
Embryonic Axis

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2
Q

Parts of the Embryonic Axis (3)

A

Plumule
Radicle
Hypocotyl

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3
Q

Rudimentary leaf of the embryo of the seed plant that could either remain or emerge upon germination

A

Cotyledon

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4
Q

Protective outer covering of a seed

  • Derived from outer integument of the ovule
  • Smooth, thick and impermeable
  • Brownish in color
  • Plays a role in seed dormancy
A

Testa (Endo- and Exo-)

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5
Q

Protective inner layer of the seed

  • Derived from inner integument of the ovule
  • Thin and membranous
  • White or hyaline in color
  • Protects embryo from dehydration and mechanical damage
A

Tegmen (Endo- and Exo-)

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6
Q

Part of the embryonic axis that projects above the cotyledon

A

Epicotyl

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7
Q

Portion between cotyledon and radicle

A

Hypocotyl

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8
Q

Composed of epicotyl, young leaves, and SAM

A

Plumule

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9
Q

Embryonic Root

A

Radicle

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10
Q

Food reserve in monocots

A

Endosperm, absorbed by the scutellum (single cotyledon)

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11
Q

Main differences of non-endospermic seed from endospermic seed (4)

A
  • Absent endosperm
  • Food stored in cotyledons
  • Thick and fleshy cotyledons
  • Perisperm form nucellus
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12
Q

Sum of events that begins with hydration of the seed and culminate in emergence of the embryonic axis (usually the radicle) from the seed coat

A

Seed Germination

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13
Q

Two types of germination

A

Epigeal and Hypogeal

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14
Q

Characteristics of Epigeal Germination (2)

A
  • Cotyledons emerge form soil w/ plumule
  • Hypocotyl Elongates and forms hook for foliage expansion
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15
Q

Characteristics of Hypogeal Germination (2)

A
  • Cotyledons remain in soil
  • Epicotyl elongates pushing plumule out to form hook with plumule pointing downward
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16
Q

2 sheaths enclosing the embryo and their funcitons

A

Coleorhiza - Covers the radicle

Coleoptile - Covers the shoot

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17
Q

2 main types of root systems

A

Tap root and Fibrous

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18
Q

Taproots are defined by

A

Large downward vertical primary root from which secondary roots arise

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19
Q

Fibrous roots are:

A

Also called adventitious roots

Located close to soil surface

Dense network of roots

In areas with abundant water

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20
Q

True or False: A plant can both be fibrous and tap

A

True.

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21
Q

Types of root modifications based on physiological functions (8)

A

Storage
Aerial
Assimilatory
Reproductive
Respiratory
Epiphytic
Saprophytic
Parasitic

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22
Q

Type of root based on mechanical functions (7)

A

Prop
Stilts
Buttress
Climbing
Contractile
Floating
Root-thorns

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23
Q

Type of root present in mangroves, allows for gas exchange

A

Pneumatophores, Stilts

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24
Q

Types of storage tap root (4)

A

Conical
Fusiform
Napiform
Tuberous

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25
Q

Thicker at upper side and tapers at basal end, cone-like.

Ex. Carrot, give scientific name

A

Conical enlarged tap root

Daucus carota

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26
Q

Tapers at both ends

Ex. Radish/Labanos, give scientific name

A

Fusiform Enlarged tap root

Raphanus sativus

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27
Q

Swollen and spherical at upper end and tapering to thread like at lower end

Ex. Turnip/singkamas and sugar beets, give scientific names

A

Napiform Enlarged taproot

Turnip/Singkamas: Brassica rapa

Sugar Beet: Beta vulgaris

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28
Q

Do not have regular
shape; swollen and fleshy at any portion of roots

Ex. Four-o-clock flower, give scientific name

A

Tuberous enlarged taproot

Mirabilis jalapa

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29
Q

Types of Adventitious Storage roots (6)

A

Tuberous
Fasciculated
Nodulose
Moniliform
Annulated
Palmated

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30
Q

Do not have definite
shape and occurs singly swollen to store food; presence of pencil root

Ex. Sweet Potato, give scientific name

A

Tuberous Adventitious Roots

Ipomoea batatas

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31
Q

Arising in cluster
from the base of the stem

Ex. Dahlia, Cassava/Kamoteng-kahoy, Asparagus,

give scientific name of cassava and asparagus

A

Fasciculated Adventitious Roots

Manihot esculenta

Asparagus officinalis

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32
Q

Swollen at tips commonly in legumes, shelter N-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium)

ex. Mango ginger, give scientific name

A

Nodulated adventitious roots

Curcuma amanda (Mukhang luya shape na parang gagamba na may matatabang legs)

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33
Q

Swollen at frequent intervals

Ex. Purple yams/Ube and Ampalaya, give scientific name of both

A

Moniliform or beaded adventitious roots

Dioscorea alata

Momordica

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34
Q

Yields emetine that
looks like discs placed one above another

A

Annulated Adventitious roots

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35
Q

In Orchis there is a pair of succulent tuberous root, one of which perishes every year while another new one is formed by its side.

Such orchid roots may sometimes be of palmate shape

A

Palmate adventitious roots

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36
Q

Adventitious roots for Mechanical Support (7)

A

Prop
Stilt
Climbing
Buttress
Floating
Contractile
Root thorns

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37
Q

Arising from horizontal aerial branches of trees

Provide support to the spreading branches of the tree

Hygroscopic when young

Possess root caps at their apices

Grow vertically downward penetrating the soil

Become thick and assume the shape of pillars

A

Prop roots

ex. balete tree (Ficus stipulosa)

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38
Q

Aerial adventitious obliquely growing roots from the lower nodes of the stem

A

Stilt roots

ex. Pandan tree (Pandanus sp.)

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39
Q

Special type of stilt roots in mangrove provides aeration through this structure

A

Lenticels

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40
Q

Differentiate stilt from pneumatophore roots

A

Stilt: Attachment point of all roots above water

Pneumatophore: Roots go under and then spike back up

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41
Q

arise from the nodes or internodes of weak stemmed plants to climb up their support

Can be tendrillar or clinging

A

Climbing roots

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42
Q

Differentiate tendrillar from clinging

A

Tendrillar Single at each node

Clinging (short branched, adventitious roots arise from each node

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43
Q

Horizontal plank aerial roots that develop at the base of the stem on the soil surface

A

Buttress/Ballast

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44
Q

store air, become inflated and spongy, project above the level of water, make the plant light and function as floats

A

Floating Roots

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45
Q

Plants with underground stems contract or swell so that the aerial shoots are kept in a proper depth in the soil

A

Contractile/Pull roots

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46
Q

the adventitious roots become hard and pointed

A

Root thorns

47
Q

Types of adventitious roots for vital function (5)

A

Epiphytic
Parasitic
Saprophytic
Photosynthetic
Reproductive

48
Q

Hang freely in the air and absorb moisture with the aid of special sponge tissue “velamen” – a modification of epidermis

Also called hygroscopic roots, hanging roots

A

Epiphytic roots

49
Q

Depend on another plant partially or totally for their food material

Roots penetrate into the host tissues to absorb nourishment

A

Parasitic/Haustorial Roots

50
Q

Appear as swollen
tissue at a contact point between parasite and host

A

Haustoria

51
Q

Has fungal hyphae helping increase the surface area of plant host for absorption of water and minerals while the host plant provide organic food for the fungi.

A

Saprophytic/Mycorrhizal roots

52
Q

Capable of photosynthesis

The entire plant is represented by thin, green, ribbon-like
roots that contain velamen

Absorb moisture from the air

A

Photosynthetic/Assimilatory roots

53
Q

Some fleshy adventitious root develop buds which can grow into new plants

Serve as means of vegetative propagation

ex. Ipomoea batatas

A

Reproductive roots

54
Q

Usually erect, vertical, supporting leaves and flowers

A

Stem

55
Q

Main stem modifications based on position (3)

A

Aerial
Sub-aerial
Underground

56
Q

Main stem modifications based on function (3)

A

storage
photosynthesis
reproduction

57
Q

Underground stems resemble roots but can be distinguishable by 3 main characteristics:

A
  1. Presence of nodes and internodes
  2. Presence of scale leaves, buds and adventitious roots
    at the nodes
  3. An internal structure
    resembles that of aerial stem
58
Q

Swollen tips of underground lateral stems (rhizomes) or
branches for food storage and vegetative reproduction

A

Tuber

Ex. Solanum Tuberosum

59
Q

T or F: Eyes of potato are small depressions that are actually its nodes

A

True

60
Q

Types of underground stem modification (4)

A

Bulb
Corm
Rhizome
Tuber

61
Q

Fleshy, non-green underground stem with distinct nodes and internodes

The lines are nodes, the area in between the lines are the
internodes

For food storage and reproduction

A

Rhizome

Ex. Zingiber officinale

62
Q

Short, swollen unbranched fleshy stem growing vertically in the soil

More or less spherical with a flattered base

Has distinct circular nodes and internodes

For food storage and vegetative reproduction

A

Corm

Ex. Colocasia esculenta

63
Q

Has highly condensed discoid stem (basal plate)

Many fleshy scale leaves

Adventitious roots emerge from base

A

Bulb

Ex. Alliums (cepa and sativum)

64
Q

A _______ bulb is covered by a sheath of dry membranous scale leaves called _____, e.g., onion and garlic.

A

Tunicated; tunic

65
Q

Types of sub-aerial modification (4)

A

Runner
Stolon
Sucker
Offset

66
Q

Characteristics of sub-aerial stems

A

Stem is partly aerial
and partly underground

Short branches and
adventitious roots
develop at the nodes

Vegetative propagation

67
Q

Roots are developed at lower side and leaves from upper side from node

After sometime, their growing apical region comes out from
the soil.

Creeping stem with long internodes

A

Stolon/runner

Ex. Grass

68
Q

Differentiate stolon and rhizome

A

Stolon above ground
Rhizome underground

69
Q

Individuals in a group of clones

A

Ramets

70
Q

Main stem grow in the soil but branches develop from nodes above the soil

A

Suckers

Ex. Ananas comosus (Pineapple)

71
Q

Generally, aquatic plants which have fragile stem

Runner with one internode long

Originates from leaf axil

Grows as a short horizontal branch produces a rosette of leaves above and adventitious roots below

vegetative reproduction

A

Offset

Ex. Eichornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth)

72
Q

Perform special functions like climbing, protection, storage, and vegetative propagation

A

Aerial stem modifications

73
Q

Aerial stem modifications (4)

A

Phylloclade/Cladode
Thorns
Bulbil
Tendril

74
Q

Green thread-like leafless structures meant for climbing

Can be branched or unbranched

Scale leaf always present at point of branching

A

Stem tendrils

75
Q

4 types of stem tendrils

A

Axillary

Extra-axillary

Leaf-opposed/Apical bud tendrils

Floral bud/Inflorescence tendrils

76
Q

Tendrils immediately branching from stem

A

Axillary

77
Q

Tendrils immediately branching from other tendrils

A

Extra-axillary

78
Q

Tendrils branching opposite of leaves

A

Leaf-opposed/apical bud

79
Q

Tendrils branching with flowers

A

Floral bud or inflorescence tendrils

80
Q

Straight, pointed, hard or woody structures sometimes with leaves, flowers or branches

For defense or climbing

A

Stem thorns

81
Q

Stem and/or branches are modified to function like leaves

A

Phylloclade or cladodes

82
Q

Differentiate phylloclade and cladodes

A

Phylloclade: Stem and branches, can be multiple internodes in length, unlimited growth, caducous

Cladodes: Stems, generally one internode long, limited growth, leaves reduced to scales or spines

83
Q

Modified vegetative or floral buds with stored food

For vegetative propagation (they all off and become new plants)

A

Bulbils

84
Q

Usually green, with a wide, flat lamina/blade develop at the nodes of the stem

A

Leaf

85
Q

Major leaf modifications (10)

A

Spines
Hooks
Leaf traps
Storage
Bulbous petiole
Reproductive
Tendrils
Bracts
Phyllode
Pseudostem

86
Q

In most xerophytes like Opuntia, the leaves are reduced to ______
and the stem is modified into storage parts that store water for the plants

A

Spines

87
Q

Terminal leaflets are modified into claw-like curved hooks for helping the plant in climbing

A

Leaf hooks

88
Q

3 types of plant traps

A

Leaf bladder
Leaf pitcher
Leaf tentacles

89
Q

Submerged leaves are modified into utricles lined by digestive glands to trap insects

Found in Utricularia

A

Leaf bladder

90
Q

Modification of plants that grow in nitrogen deficient places

Adapted to catch and digest insects to fulfill
the plant’s nitrogen requirement

passive traps of the Nepenthes plants

A

Leaf Pitcher

91
Q

T/F: Leaf is the lid of the pitcher while modified leaf apex narrows into a tendril that transforms into the pitcher

A

F, baliktad.

92
Q

Spine-like hairs each with a sticky globule at its tip that wrap around an insect completely

A

Leaf tentacles

93
Q

Fleshy leaves
that serve as a storage for water and reserve materials

A

Storage leaves

94
Q

Field with air to help plants float on water

A

Swollen bulbous petiole

94
Q

Characterized by adventitious buds growing along margins of the leaf

A

Reproductive leaves

94
Q

Leaf bases expand into sheaths rolled over one another forming the __________.

A

Pseudostem

95
Q

flattened or winged petiole or rachis, becoming leaf-like and green

A

Phyllode

95
Q

Leaves that help support flowers

A

Bracts

96
Q

Flower with a bract is described as __________.

Flower w/o bract is known as _________

A

Bracteate; Ebracteate

97
Q

7 types of bracts

A

Foliaceous
Spathe
Petaloid
Involucre
Epicalyx
Scaly
Glumes

98
Q

Leaf like, expanded green bract is called the __________ bract.

A

Foliaceous

99
Q

A large modified bract which encloses spadix inflorescence totally or partially. It may be leathery or woody,

A

Spathe

100
Q

One or two whorls of green bracts that protect young inflorescence is called _________.

A

Involucre

101
Q

Modified leaf or scale with a flower or flower cluster in its axil, larger and more brightly colored than the
true flower. Help for pollination

A

Petaloid bract

102
Q

Whorl of bracteoles present below the calyx or outside the calyx

A

Epicalyx

103
Q

Reduced, membranous, scale like bracts seen in head inflorescence

A

Scaly

104
Q

The bracts found on the rachilla of spikelet are called ______.

A

Glumes

105
Q

6 types of leaf tendrils

A

Whole leaf
Leaflet
Terminal leaflets
Leaf apex
Petiolar
Stipular

106
Q

Entire leaf is modified into a tendril

A

Whole leaf

107
Q

Upper leaflets modified into tendrils

A

Leaflet

108
Q

Leaf tip modified into tendril

A

Leaf apex

109
Q

Petiole modified into tendril

A

Petiolar

110
Q

Stipule modified into tendril

A

Stipular

BIO 101 LE 1 (3 decks)

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