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BIO 101 LE 1 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

microscopic, consists of protoplast that contain cell wall, organelles & vacuoles

A

Plant cell

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2
Q

Structures found in plant cells but NOT in animal cells (3)

A
  1. Large, centrally located vacuole
  2. Cellulose cell wall
  3. Plastids
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3
Q

This structure occupies 90% of the cell’s volume

A

Central Vacuole

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4
Q

Single membrane surrounding the central vacuole

A

Tonoplast

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5
Q

Contents of central vacuole (2)

A

Clear cell sap (water and salts)

Visible crystals, starch, protein bodies, and other fibrous materials

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6
Q

Functions of central vacuole (6)

A
  1. Osmotic Regulation
  2. Tissue rigidity
  3. Waste storage
  4. Digestive organelle
  5. Contain water soluble pigments
  6. Crystal formation
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7
Q

Organelles characteristic of plant cells

Have no homologues in the animal cell

Vary in form, size, and pigmentation

A

Plastids

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8
Q

Progenitor Plastid

A

Proplastid

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9
Q

8 types of plastids

A

Etioplast
Leucoplast
Proteinoplast
Elaioplast
Amyloplast
Chloroplast
Chromoplast
Gerontoplast

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10
Q

green; chlorophyll
pigments predominate in them

A

Chloroplasts

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11
Q

lack pigments; if a plant is kept out of light for several days,
its chloroplasts will actually convert
into this.

A

Etioplasts

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12
Q

forms from
chloroplast during senescence

A

Gerontoplast

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13
Q

yellow, orange or red;
carotenoid or xanthophyll pigments
predominate in them

A

Chromoplasts

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14
Q

non-pigmented plastids
found in tissues unexposed to light

A

Leucoplasts

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15
Q

leucoplasts that store
starch

A

Amyloplasts

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16
Q

Special amyloplast type found in root cap for gravity perception

A

Statoliths

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17
Q

Leucoplasts that store proteins

A

Proteinoplasts

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18
Q

Leucoplasts that store fats and oils

A

Elaioplasts

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19
Q

Parts of chloroplasts (5)

A

Outer membrane
Intermembrane space
Inner membrane
Stroma
Thylakoid system

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20
Q

Lipid containing structure that increases in amount in chloroplast stroma. Sign of senescence.

A

Plastoglobule

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21
Q

All plastids are initially derived from proplastids found in this region

A

RAMs and SAMs

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22
Q

Plastids are maternally-inherited in the majority of angiosperms, why?

A

The sperm nuclei already have too many functions therefore no space for plastids

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23
Q

Reserve materials and substances which are produced and stored
in plant cells but DO NOT re-enter the metabolism of the plant

A

Ergastic Substances or Inclusions

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24
Q

6 Main Ergastic Substances

A

1) Starch
2)proteins
3) oils, fats, waxes
4) crystals and silica bodies
5) Tannins
6)Pigments

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25
Q

constructed by layered deposition of starch around a nucleation center HILUM

A

Starch

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26
Q

Types of Starch Grains

A

Eccentric
Concentric
Semi-compound
Compound

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27
Q

Hilum not centered

A

Eccentric

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28
Q

Hilum centered

A

Concentric

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29
Q

Two hilums at center of concentric rings

A

Semi-compound

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30
Q

No clear center hilum

A

Compound

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31
Q

Accumulate in Aleurone Grains

A

Crystalloid and Globoid Proteins

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32
Q

important reserve materials in plants

found in seeds and fruits

produced by
elaioplasts

A

Fats/Oils/Lipids/Waxes

33
Q

Types of Crystals (6)

A

Druse
Raphides
Prism
Styloids
Crystal Sands
Cystolith

34
Q

Crystal that looks like a diamond

A

Prism

35
Q

Crystal that looks like a toothpick

A

Styloids

36
Q

Crystal that looks like a bunch of needles

A

Raphides

37
Q

Plant cell that differs markedly from neighboring cells

A

Idioblast

38
Q

Look like salt grains

A

Crystal Sand

39
Q

Looks like flowers or minesweeper bombs

A

Druse

40
Q

Stalked crystal formed inside an epidermal cell

A

Cystolith

41
Q

Cell containing Cystolith

A

Lithocyst

42
Q

are rectangular with undulated margins

deter herbivory and increase the abrasiveness of grass leaf blades

A

Silica Bodies or Phytoliths

43
Q

phenol derivatives found in leaves, vascular tissues, periderm, unripe fruits, seed coats

appear as yellow, red, or brown granular masses

deter herbivory (poisonous to insects)

A

Tannins

44
Q

Prevents rupture of the cell

Maintains the size and shape of the cell

Only sperm cells of some seed plants lack this

Synthesis controlled by golgi complex

A

Cell Wall

45
Q

Give the steps in Formation of CELL WALL

A

cell wall forms following mitotic telophase

microtubules from the phragmoplast between the two daughter nuclei

phragmoplast serves as the framework for the assembly of the cell plate

cell plate forms within the phragmoplasts from fusion of Golgi-derived vesicles

microtubules of phragmoplasts disappear with the enlargement of the cell plate

46
Q

T/F: the cell plate is composed of pectic compounds (Ca & Mg pectate)

A

True

47
Q

T/F: Middle Lamella is formed immediately

A

False, the cell plate gradually undergoes changes to form the middle lamella

48
Q

Cell Wall Layers (4)

A

Middle Lamella
Primary Wall
Secondary Wall (3 Layers)
Tertiary Wall

49
Q

T/F: Primary and Secondary walls are permanent, almost never degraded or depolymerized

A

True

50
Q

Middle Lamella is characterized by high levels of ______.

A

Pectin

51
Q

parallel cellulose molecules crystallize
into ____________ that wound around the cell

A

Microfibrils

52
Q

Binds the microfibrils together, produced in Dictyosomes

A

Hemicellulose

53
Q

first wall that develops in the new cell;
deposited before and during the growth
of the cell

Made of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin

thin and elastic

A

Primary Wall

54
Q

Where is cellulose synthesized

A

In the plasma membrane by Rosette Terminal Complexes

55
Q

Discuss Cell Wall formation process

A

Rosette Terminal complexes synthesize cellulose in the plasma membrane. This occurs due to the Cellulose Synthase Complex that binds 1 cellulose polymer at a time to the end of a chain forming the cell wall. Added to inner layer of the wall only

56
Q

T/F: Plant cells grow in the direction with higher mechanical strength

A

False, grow towards lower.

57
Q

What determines microfibril orientation?

A

cellulose synthase complex (CSC)

58
Q

deposited between the primary wall and plasma membrane

develops in cells which have ceased to grow much thicker than primary wall and impregnated with lignin

resists chemical, fungal, and bacterial attack

A

Secondary Cell Wall

59
Q

T/F: Secondary Cell wall increases in surface and thickness

A

False, Only thickness

60
Q

Among the three layers of the Secondary Cell wall (S1, S2, and S3) which one is the thickest due to successive layers of lignin?

A

S2

61
Q

T/F: Secondary Cell Wall causes death at maturity

A

True, secondary wall deposition makes
protoplast small / disappear so the cells become dead at maturity as seen in sclereids

62
Q

dried residue of degenerated plasma lining that only occurs in some cases

contains xylan (hemicellulose) for integrity and defense

A

Tertiary Wall

63
Q

fine holes in the cell walls plasma membrane, small channel of cytosol, and specialized ER of one cell passes through it and is continuous with the plasma membrane of the adjacent cell

act like tunnels through the cell wall which allow communication with other cells

A

Plasmodesmata

64
Q

an endomembrane derived structure of the plasmodesmata that connects the
endoplasmic reticulum of two adjacent plant cells

A

Desmotubule

65
Q

Main difference between Plasmodesmata and desmotubule

A

Plasmodesmata is composed of cytoplasm, Desmotubule is a tube of compressed ER connecting to adjacent ERs

66
Q

thin portions of the primary wall which are traversed by a cluster of plasmodesmata

A

Primary pit fields or Primordial pits

67
Q

“unthickened” areas in the secondary cell wall that act as channels for transport between cells with secondary walls

A

Pits

68
Q

the hollow area where the secondary cell wall is absent

A

Pit Cavity

69
Q

pits of two neighboring cells are found opposite to each other

A

Pit Pairs

70
Q

opening at either
end of the pit chamber opening to the inside of the cell

A

pit aperture

71
Q

pit cavities of a pit pair are separated by a ___ ________ composed of the middle lamellae and the primary walls of the 2
cells

A

Pit Membrane

72
Q

2 Types of Pits

A

Simple and Bordered

73
Q

Occur in all vascular plants

Form a channel through secondary wall of neighboring cells

Middle lamella blocks the channel but is perforated by plasmodesmata

Form and size of the opening varies

A

Simple Pits

74
Q

The secondary walls arch over the pit cavity

The pith chamber is the part of the pith cavity formed by overarching of
the secondary wall

Middle lamellae and the primary walls are thickened (torus)

A

Bordered PIts

75
Q

part of the pit cavity formed by overarching of the secondary wall

A

Pit Chamber

76
Q

the pit membrane (primary wall and middle lamella)
is separated into two parts:
a thick impermeable
_____ at the center and the permeable _____
surrounding it

A

Torus; Margo

77
Q

Differentiate the functions of torus from margo as bordered pits.

A

Torus regulates the functions of the bordered pit while margo supports it.

If the torus is the gate, the margo is the hinge that lets it open or close.

78
Q

Di ko napansin na may blank card pala, ano na lang, nagshashabu ka ba?

A

Oo, masama mag sinungaling nakatingin si apap susej

BIO 101 LE 1 (3 decks)

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