Module 3

Question 1

Describe Language acquisition

Answer 1

Chomsky’s theory of universal grammar, we have innate set of rules which guides language learning and predisposes us for certain lang structures

Supporting evidence for universal grammar: Creole and sign language acquisition

Question 2

define morphemes

Answer 2

the smallest language units that have meaning– suffixes and prefixes

Question 3

define phonemes

Answer 3

the basic sounds of speech, building blocks of language

Question 4

How does the ability to differentiate between phenomes change in the first year of life

Answer 4

When babies are born, they can differentiate between phenomes of all human languages, but after 6 months of age this ability becomes limited to the phenomes used in their native language(s)

Question 5

Describe sensitive period of language acquisition and case study to explain

Answer 5

There’s limited time for language acquisition. Exposure of a language before age seven leads to highest language acquisition of fluent vocab and syntax

Evidence: cases of language acquisition deprivation due to abuse and second language
Genie: aged 13, acquired vocab but no syntax
Chelsea: aged 32, far gone, and never developed normal syntax
Isabelle: aged 6, within a year, acquired fluency of syntax and vocab

Second language: fluency correlates with age of first exposure, declines after ages 3-7

Question 6

syntax

Answer 6

organization into sentences

• different languages have diff syntax

Question 7

semantics

Answer 7

meaning of sentences

• diff syntax= diff meaning

Question 8

What two factors are neccesary to support normal language learning

Answer 8

1. Children must have someone to communicate with
2. Children must be exposed to language during critical time periods in development

Question 9

Define Creole

Answer 9

Example of Universal grammar: Cultures in which multiple languages intermix without consistent syntax; informal pidgin without syntax

Children of pidgin speakers regularize language into creole

Question 10

Creole or Pidgin: Sranan Tongo is a mix of English, Dutch, and other languages, with its own consistent grammatical rules.

Answer 10

Creole

Question 11

Creole or Pidgin: Mandarin is the official language of both the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan).

Answer 11

Neither

Question 12

Creole or Pidgin: In Monty Python and the Holy Grail, a French castle guard says, “Fetchez la vache,” meaning “Fetch the cow.”

Answer 12

pidgin

Question 13

Discourse

Answer 13

paragraphs, conversations, etc…

Question 14

Describe Assimilation vs Accomodation

Answer 14

Assimilation: incorporating new experiences into an existing schema because it is congruent with the existing model of how the world works, (tweaking it )
Accommodation: Creating a new schema or drastically altering existing schema to deal with new information that contradicts the previous schema, (wiping it )

Question 15

Describe Sensorimotor

Answer 15

Stage.1: Age 0-2
- infant’s thoughts and actions identical
- no symbolic
- Development of object concept and object permanence around 8 months (he ended up being wrong according to looking time paradigm)

Question 16

Describe Preoperational stage

Answer 16

Stage 2: 2-7 years
- emergence of symbolic (language) thought through representation of objects through images
- end of egocentrism: inability to take perspective of another, and beginning of theory of mind @4yrs: beliefs ab. other’s beliefs

• lack of conservation understanding (🍶)

Question 17

Describe Concrete operational

Answer 17

Stage 3: 7-11
- Conservation emerges (objects stay the same when superficial aspects change)
- increase symbolic thought
- can perform mental operations (if 2+2=4 then 4-2=2)

Question 18

Describe Formal Operational

Answer 18

Stage 4: 12+
-abstract thinking and logics; scientific reasoning

Question 19

Describe object concept and object permanence

Answer 19

Objects concept: children understand that two objects cannot occupy the same place at the same time/
Object permanence: objects exist even if they briefly disappear
- Within the in sensorimotor stage
- Piaget thought permenance was 8 months, but it is actually as early as 3-4 months according to looking time paradigms, which pushed object concept

Question 20

Define egocentrism and theory of mind

Answer 20

Inability to take perspective of another
Theory of mind= beliefs about others beliefs

Question 21

Describe conservation experiment in Piaget theory of development

Answer 21

-In the preoperationa stage, Children don’t grasp conservation— understanding that objects stay the same when superficial aspects change— because they are unable to use mental operations. It gets better during concrete operational stage

Question 22

Describe the criticisms of piaget?
What questions arise out of criticisms of Piaget theory? What is the answer?

Answer 22

-overmphasis on logic; development is cont.
-Children may develop abilities earlier
- How do we test preverbal and pre motor children: preferential looking and habituation ; Looking time paradigms

Question 23

Describe preferential looking

Answer 23

Looking time paradigm in preverbal AND premotor infants: Infants stare longer @ interesting things, thus longerstares= signifies ability to differentiate options

Question 24

Descrbe habituation

Answer 24

Looking time paradigm in preverbal AND premotor infants: familiar things are less interesting, even to bebes

Question 25

Describe the strange situation test

Answer 25

observe attachment security in children within the context of caregiver relationships. Revealed 3 varying attachment styles: secure, insecure (avoidant), insecure (ambivalent)

Question 26

Describe Explicit Attitudes

Answer 26

Attitudes you know about and can express; "I like bowling"

Question 27

Describe Implicit Attitudes

Answer 27

Attitudes that influence feelings and behaviors unconsciously or unintentionally ; ex: buying a product that was endorsed by a celebrity although having no previous recollection of seeing the endorsement

Question 28

looking time paradigm proves what about Piaget's theory of object permanence within the sensorimotor stage

Answer 28

object perm/concept emerges earlier, 3-4 months and not 8. Case Study: carrot example.

Question 29

Define Stereotypes

Answer 29

easy, automatic mental shortcuts that allow for fast processing of social information-- usually about other people absed on their group membership

Question 30

Mary example: “Mary came late to the meeting because she is lazy and disorganized”

Answer 30

Fundamental attribution error

Question 31

I Example : “I came late to the meeting because my alarm didnt go off, I got stuck in traffic, and I could’nt find a parking", But Mary is just lazy and disorganized”

Answer 31

actor/ observer discrepancy

Question 32

What conditions must be met for humans to distinct in groups and favor ingroups over outgroups?

Answer 32

Easily established due to minimal group paradigm: When people are placed into a group, even at random, they automatically perceive their group as a larger priority -Ms. Jane Elliot's class segregation on Brown eyes vs blue eyes - Stanford prison experiment

Question 33

Describe the casues of comformity

Answer 33

- desire social approval (Asch conformity experiment) (also normative influence) - social roles (stanford prison experiment) - cognitive dissonance: The unpleasant feeling of being aware of holding two conflicting beliefs or a belief that conflicts with a behavior.

Question 34

Define normative influence

Answer 34

occurs when people go along with the crowd to fit in and to avoid looking foolish. Can be a good group or bad group

Question 35

Define informational influence

Answer 35

occurs when there is uncertainty or ambiguity about what is correct or the notm, so people look for cues about how to respond

Question 36

Suppose you are traveling in a foreign country where you do not know the customs. You notice that everyone removes their shoes when they enter a restaurant, so you start doing the same. This is an example of

Answer 36

Informational influence

Question 37

Define social norms

Answer 37

expected standards of conduct

Question 38

Describe what happened in the asch experiment and why it matters

Answer 38

In this experiment, a participant was put in a room with other confederates and were asked to identify a line out of group that is congruent a target line. In the experiment, the participant were more likely to side with the confederates on their comparison of a line even if it was wrong, and less likely if they were alone or had to write it down. The experiment proved how we desire social approval, and denotes normative influence. Also, showed that a group doesn't have to be large to influence behavior, unanimity matters more.

Question 39

Define attribution

Answer 39

How we explain other people's behavior, motives, and personalities

Question 40

Describe personal attribution

Answer 40

interpreting of internal characteristics or traits. Ex: "This is how you are"

Question 41

Describe situational attribution

Answer 41

infer behavior is caused by external events, situations

Question 42

What proves that the inferences we make about certian people's attributes are asymmetrical?

Answer 42

Attribution biases; fundamental attribution error and actor/observer discrepancy

Question 43

Define fundamental attribution error

Answer 43

when other's behavior is overly attributed to internal traits rather than external factors/ situations

Question 44

Define actor/observer discrepancy

Answer 44

personal attributions for others but situational attribution for ourselves

Question 45

How are attributions apart of a larger concept about how we respond to our environment?

Answer 45

How we explain other people's attributes is in connection about the Attitudes we have that predisposes us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Question 46

Define attitudes

Answer 46

feelings, opinions that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, events.

Question 47

Examples of explicit attitudes

Answer 47

conscious and identifiable goals and beliefs i.e racism, sexism, all men are inherently good.

Question 48

What is an underscored similarity and difference between explicit and implicit attitudes that is connected to their malleability?

Answer 48

Sim: both influenced and changed by our personal experience, media, and society Diff: explicit attitudes are consciously changeable while implicit attitudes are not consciously changeable.

Question 49

Define the three group influences on behavior

Answer 49

Obedience: following authority Compliance: agreeing to requests Conformity: fit group norms (2 normative influences)

Question 50

How can we try to alter implicit biases?

Answer 50

Can be reduced by exposure to counter-stereotypes; Example: pro black case (MLK) placed in contrast with a negative white case (Charles Manson), bias is most reduced in this case

Question 51

Describe how implicit biases are activated by thinking about group membership

Answer 51

We are sensitive to in vs out group biases; for example: Celery dude example, implicit race stereotypes activated by asking about his age group, not by individual preferences

Question 52

Describe out-group homogeneity

Answer 52

We are more likely to see diversity within our in-group than an out-group; Example: "Those people all are the same"

Question 53

describe minimal group paradigm

Answer 53

In Group and Out Group distinctions are easily established, even when people are aware they have been placed into a group preferentially, they will still perceive their group as a larger priority and display in-group favoritism.

Question 54

Describe in-group favoritism

Answer 54

Sharing with in-group over out-group, more likely to help/take a shock for an in group member. Will withold materials from out group

Question 55

How can you overcome in group bias***

Answer 55

cooperation: Sherif's study of cooperation and competition using boys from two different summer camps. During phase 2 of the experiment, it showed that when the boys worked towards a common goal, it reduced hostility between groups

Question 56

Social Rejection is p...

Answer 56

painful

Question 57

Describe concepts explain how groups can show anti-normative behavior

Answer 57

Deindividuation- state of reduced autonomy, self-awareness, and self-restraint occurring when in a group because of factors such as anonymity and diffusion of responsibility Bystander intervention effect: people are less likely to help someone in need if more people are around because diffusion of responsibility, and weighing faux paus as a greater harm than the benefit of helping

Question 58

Describe the two theories of what drives attachment, what experiment proves this?

Answer 58

1. "Cupboard" theory: attachment to mother driven by biological needs 2. Attachment theory: Attachment to mother driven by love, comfort, security Cloth vs wire mother (We like the cloth mother better)

Question 59

Name the three attachment styles

Answer 59

secure, insecure (avoidant), insecure (ambivalent)

Question 60

Describe the percentage of children affected, characteristics of a child's exploration, response to stranger, and reaction to caregiver's departure/return in secure attachment.

Answer 60

percentage: 65% Exploration: confident Friendly to stranger Distressed when depart from caregiver, comforted by their return Significance: shows that CG is caring and responsible to child's needs

Question 61

Describe the percentage of children affected, characteristics of a child's response to stranger and reaction to caregivers departure/return in insecure avoidant attachment

Answer 61

Percentage: 20% Prefers to play with stranger Not upset when caregiver leaves, avoids contact upon caregiver return Significance: shows that CG is not responsive to child's needs on the day to day

Question 62

Describe the percentage of children affected, characteristics of a child's response to stranger, and reaction to caregivers departure/return in insecure ambivalent attachment

Answer 62

Percentage: 15% Wary of stranger Extremely distressed when caregiver departs, shows a want and resistance to CG comfort on their return Significance: reflects inconsistent availability of CG

Question 63

Are there cultural variations in attachment?

Answer 63

Yes; agricultural communes show small number of secure attachment between children and their parents

Question 64

Describe Psychopathology

Answer 64

Sickness or disorder of the mind, one needs rigorous criteria for an "abnormal" psychological illness that can be applied systematically.

Question 65

Define Schizophrenia

Answer 65

serious yet rare (1% worldwide) psychological illness characterized by disordered thought process, disintegration of thought, and inappropriate emotions or actions.

Question 66

Describe the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Answer 66

+ Delusions-- false or grandeur beliefs + Hallucination- +Thought disorder - Flat affect: lack emotion, monotone speaking - loss of motivation - social isolation

Question 67

Describe the causes of schizophrenia

Answer 67

Strong genetic disposition. Combination of genetic disposition and dysfunctional family environment equates to the highest risk of the disorder. Stress triggers onset

Question 68

Define Anxiety disorders

Answer 68

relatively common disorder that, under its umbrella, encompasses generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and phobias.

Question 69

Define phobias

Answer 69

Maladaptive, Persistent, and irrational fear beyond reality of threat.

Question 70

Describe the causes of Phobia

Answer 70

Strong environmental component, weaker genetic disposition; classical conditioning-- Lil' Albert

Question 71

Define Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Answer 71

Psychological disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions

Question 72

Define Obsession

Answer 72

recurrent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts; ex: contamination, harming others

Question 73

Define Compulsion

Answer 73

Acts that the patient feels driven to perform again and again; ex: cleaning, counting, checking

Question 74

Describe the causes of OCD

Answer 74

Genetic predisposition, OCD is heritable. Obsession is genetic, Compulsion can be learned from classical conditioning; temp relief from performing compulsion.

Question 75

Just in case: Where is OCD found to occur in the brain

Answer 75

Basal ganglia and Statum

Question 76

Describe what occurred in the Stanford prison experiment and why it matters

Answer 76

Although participants were randomly assigned as prisoners and guards, they assumed role appropriate attitudes. The experiment shows that through the power of social roles, we conform to expected behavior for a given role. This experiment can connect to the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis.

Question 77

Describe what occured in the Milgram experiement and why it matters

Answer 77

In the experiment, participants select a shock for a someone who they believe is a learner (though they are actually a confederate), under the eyes of the experimenter. 65% percent of the participants fully complied in the experiment by administering the most dangerous shock. The experiment shows how regular people become complicit in evil through group influences-- obedience

Question 78

State the two approaches to treating mental illness and the practices beneath them

Answer 78

We treat according to the pathology model-- treat symptoms due to underlying cause Psychological (psychotherapy (talk therapy)-- psychodynamic, Humanistic, CBT) Biological (lobotomy, ECT, meds)

Question 79

What is humanistic therapy more geared towards addressing

Answer 79

Therapist practices reflective listening to boost client's self-fulfillment. Ex: Client-centered therapy identity, sleep disorders, mood?

Question 80

Describe Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Answer 80

Distorted thoughts lead to maladaptive behavior, and that behavior can be learned and unlearned Theory combining cognitive and behavioral techniques, and has the most empirical support out of all therapies, thus it is more effective at treating disorders such as anxiety, OCD, depression, and eating disorders Has the technique, exposure, under it.

Question 81

Describe the technique, exposure therapy.

Answer 81

Technique under CBT, involves repeated exposure to an anxiety stimulus in a neutral setting, so their fear is unlearned/extinguished. (Classical conditioning: US: fear CS: thing that causes fear)

Question 82

What is significant about lobotomy

Answer 82

Although it was discredited, it raised the question of what counts as a cure? It had results but at a larger cost of putting patients in a vegetative state

Question 83

Who benefits from electroconvulsive therapy

Answer 83

AKA ECT, for severely depressed patients where CBT and meds do not work.

Question 84

How would you treat someone with schizophrenia?

Answer 84

Because there is a strong biological component, a patient needs antipsychotic medical intervention to alleviate their abnormal symptoms. antipsychotic meds affect dopamine and serotonin signaling. Continued relief relies on continued use of meds, meaning patients need social support such as family support to remind them they have to keep taking their meds even if they feel cured..

Question 85

How would you treat someone with anxiety disorder?

Answer 85

Since behaviors acquired via conditioning CBT approaches such as exposure therapy can be used to extinguish maladaptive anxiety responses

Question 86

What's the best way to treat someone with OCD

Answer 86

Empirical evidence shows that exposure therapy is more effective than medication. You expose the patients to conditions which create their obsession, and prevent them from executing compulsion.

Question 87

Describe Altruism

Answer 87

Kin selection: animals pass off genes that help their kin survive Reciprocal Altruism: tit for tat, doing something for an expected return

Question 88

5 components of language

Answer 88

syntax, morphemes, phonemes, semantics, and discourse

Question 89

Describe Sherif's Autokinetic effect

Answer 89

Explains conformity based on informational influence through testing participants responses to an autokinetic illusion. The experiment showed that participants relied on information provided by others to make their own estimate, because their original estimate changed when hearing second opinions.

Question 90

Describe GroupThink

Answer 90

When there's high importance or challenging tasks, conformity is induced and groupthink is activated: desire for group harmony that overrides realistic appraisal.