Module 3 - 5 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
- Man was created by God out of dust
- 6th day of creation
- Adam and Eve
A
Biblical theory (Genesis 2: 1-24)
2
Q
- Man originated from bamboo
- Malakas at Maganda
A
Myths and Legends
3
Q
- Charles Darwin
- Origin of the Species
- Environment factors certain organisms and those organisms can survive can pass on their traits (“survival of the fittest”)
A
Natural Selection
4
Q
Some individuals are better adapted to their environment than others
A
Variation
5
Q
Organisms produce progeny with different set of traits that can be inherited
A
Heritability
6
Q
Organisms that have traits most suitable to their environment survives and pass it off to their off-springs
A
Differential reproductive process
7
Q
What are the 2 environmental factors that initiated the evolution of man?
A
Continental drift, Climate change
8
Q
Biological factors that initiated the evolution of man
A
- Development and enlargement of the human brain
- Development and enlargement of vocal tract
- Improvement of the gripping capacity
9
Q
First to exhibit bipedalism, or walking on two feet
A
Australopithicus Sp.
10
Q
Lived 3.9-3.0 million years ago, first discovered in 1974 by Carl
Johansson in Ethiopia, nicknamed “Lucy”
A
Australopithecus afarensis
10
Q
Lived 3.3-2.1 million years ago, first discovered in 1924 by Raymond Dart in South Africa, nicknamed “Taung”
A
Australopithecus africanus
11
Q
First known toolmaker
A
Homo Habilis
12
Q
First discovered by Louis and Mary Leakey in 1960 in present-day Tanzania
A
Homo Habilis
13
Q
First discovered in Java, Indonesia in 1891 by Eugene Dubois
A
Homo erectus
14
Q
First known user and maker of fire
A
Homo erectus
15
Q
First known hominid to travel outside Africa
A
Homo erectus
16
Q
First discovered in 1856 in Neander Valley, Germany, by Johann Carl Fulhrott
A
Homo Neanderthalensis
17
Q
First known creator of clothes and ornaments
A
Homo Neanderthalensis
18
Q
First known practitioner of burials
A
Homo Neanderthalensis
19
Q
The modern-day humans, first taxonomically described by Carolus Linnaeus
A
Homo sapiens
20
Q
Claimed to be the “missing link” between apes and humans by Charles Dawson in 1912
A
Piltdown man
21
Q
Modern chemical tests conducted in 1949 concluded that it was a fake hominid, composed of parts from a human and an ape combined together
A
Piltdown man
22
Q
Races:
European region
A
Caucasoid
23
Q
Races:
South Asian region
A
Australoid
24
Races:
Northeast Asian region
Mongoloid
25
Races:
African region
Negroid
26
Filipinos came from the three consecutive waves of
migration of races
The wave migration theory
27
Filipinos descended from Austronesians (product of
intermarriage between Australoids and Mongoloids), who first interacted within the present-day ASEAN region and spread throughout the region through maritime travel
The austronesian theory
28
Dated 709,000 years ago from Kalinga, Rizal
Rhinoceros and Stone tools
29
Discovered at Callao Cave, Cagayan in 2007 by a team of archaeologists from the University of the Philippines Diliman Archaeological Studies Program (ASP) led by Professor Arman Mijares and said to be 60,000-70,000 years old
Callao man
30
Discovered at Tabon Cave, Palawan in 1962 by Professor Robert Fox of the National Museum of the Philippines (NM) and the University of the Philippines (UP) and said to be 30,000 years old.
Tabon Man
31
Tools were small and handy for mobile lifestyle
Paleolithic period
32
Subsistence of paleolithic period
foraging
33
Social division in paleolithic period
communal lifestyle
34
Wider and bigger tools due to sedentary lifestyle
neolithic period
35
Personal property in neolithic period
houses
36
Subsistence of neolithic period
Agriculture
37
Social division in neolithic period
Elite vs working class
38
Where did metal age emerge?
Southwest asia
39
People discovered metals and metallurgy
Metal age
40
Development of writing systems, pyramids, and ziggurats
Metal age
41
Periods of socio-cultural development
- Foraging/Hunting and Gathering Stage
- Pastoral Stage and Horticultural Stage
- Agricultural Stage
- Industrial Stage
- Post-Industrial Stage
42
Nomadic living: People settle in a place for food and transfer to another once the resources are depleted
Foraging
43
People started to settle for good in a particular location
Pastoralism and Horticulture
44
Learned to domesticate animals and plant in their yards for personal consumption
Pastoralism and Horticulture
45
People learned to plant crops and tend livestock for business and trade
Agriculture
46
Start of social stratification due to rise of individual/private property
Agriculture
47
Rise of civilizations, ancient empires, manors and kingdoms
Agriculture
48
Social relations: slavemaster or serf-lord
Agriculture
49
Replacement of manual labor by mechanized production, powered by steam, oil, and nuclear power
Industrial stage
50
Dominant social relations: bourgeoise (rich) – proletariat (poor)
Industrial stage
50
Rise of nation-states and empires
Industrial stage
51
- Called “third wave” and “fourth wave” of industrialization
- From mechanization to digitization
- Dominance and prevalence of information technology
- Rise of internet and social media
- “borderless” countries due to globalization
Post-industrial stage
52
Lifelong social experience where one learns his potentials and his culture
Socialization
53
Process by which people acquire personality through interaction
Socialization
54
Goals of socialization
Teach conscience, roles, and values
55
Forms of socialization
Enculturation and Acculturation
56
Adapting to the surrounding culture
Enculturation
57
Adapting to another culture
Acculturation
58
Diffusion of one's culture or another
Enculturation
59
Results of socialization
Self identity, Status & Roles, Norms and Values
60
Model of consciousness: The I and Me:______________
The Looking Glass Self Concept:__________
George Herbert Mead, Charles Horton Cooley
61
Looking at ourselves as how others react to us
The Looking Glass Self Concept
62
Position with according roles that an individual can occupy in society
Status
63
2 Types of status
Ascribed and achieved
64
Given at birth or assigned later in life
Ascribed status
65
Wilfully acquired through effort
Achieved status
66
Set of expectations from people who occupy a particular status
Role
67
Behavior of an individual in a social space in accordance to his status
Role performance
68
Multiplicity of roles
Role set
69
Two or more statuses require distinct roles
Role conflict
70
Difficulty in performing his role
Role strain
71
Discontinuation of a role to focus on a role set
Role exit
72
Culturally pre-determined rules that guide people what is right, wrong, proper, or improper
Norms
73
Criteria for judging the rightness or wrongness of an act
Values
74
Socially approved behaviors without moral basis
Folkways
75
Norms related to moral conventions
Mores
76
Behaviors that are absolutely forbidden
Taboos
77
Rules and regulations implemented by the state
Laws
78
Act of following the roles and goals of society
Conformity
79
Conformity is met with _______
rewards and acceptance
80
Act of violating against the norms
Deviance
81
Disapproval to nonconforming members of society
Stigma
82
Deviance is caused by lack in stronger social bonds
Social control theory
83
Deviance is based on cost and benefit
Rational choice theory
84
Deviance is learned through association
Differential association theory
85
Deviance is caused by classification
Labeling theory
86
Deviance is due to imbalance of society's goals and the individual's means to achieve them
Strain theory
86
Deviance is caused by inequality conflicts
Conflict theory
87
Deviance is caused by breakdown of social norms
Structuralist-Functionalist theory
88
Means to prevent deviance to rewards and punishment
Social control
89
Elements to promote social control:
____________: made to conform through cost-benefit orientation
____________: rewards or punishment given upon conformity/deviance in an action
Internalization, Sanctions
90
Rewards/punishment awarded by an institution
Formal
91
Rewards/punishment given by a group
Informal
92
Rewards
Positive
93
Punishments
Negative
94
______ is a unit of people who interact with some regularity and identify themselves as a unit.
Group
95
Collection of people interacting together in an orderly way on the basis of shared expectations about
one another’s behavior.
Group
96
Social structure consisting of people who have varying degrees of relations and
interrelationships.
Social network
97
- Small but intimate.
- Members have direct access and interaction.
- Emotional bonds are formed
Primary group
98
- Formed to perform a specific purpose.
- Members interact with each other to accomplish the goals of the group.
- Formal and impersonal.
Secondary group
99
Group that an individual is not a part of.
Out-group
100
- Social group in which an individual directly affiliates and expresses loyalty to.
- Application of stereotypes: + for members and – for non-members.
In-group
101
Competition with members of the out-group.
In-group
102
Characteristics (Shandra,2007): Use of titles, external symbols and dress
In-group
103
Group that such an individual considers as ideal
Reference group
104
Tendency of individuals to depend on other’s initiative to perform tasks that are
originally expected of them.
Social Loafing or Free-Riding
104
United acceptance and practice of idea that is believed as group loyalty
groupthink
105
According to the bureaucratic theory of Max Weber, bureaucracy is the basis for the systematic formation of any organization and is designed to ensure efficiency and
economic effectiveness. It is an ideal model for management and its administration to bring an organization’s power structure into focus.
BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL
106
Proponent of BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL
MAX WEBER
107
Proponent of collectivist organization model
Karl Marx
108
Shifting from class-based to classless society
collectivist organization model
109
Demise of bureaucratic organizations
collectivist organization model
110
In rural societies
Gemeinschaft
111
Personal and face-to-face interactions
Gemeinschaft
112
Based on traditional rules
Gemeinschaft
113
In urban societies and bureaucracies
Gesselschaft
114
Impersonal and indirect.
Gesselschaft
115
Dominance of rationality and self interest.
Gesselschaft
116
Proponent of Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft
Ferdinand Tönnies
