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Module 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fluid volume deficit

Causes

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, GI auctioning, sweating, inadequate fluid intake, massive edema (as in initial stage of major burns), ascites (abdominal swelling)

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2
Q

Fluid volume deficit

Symptoms

A

Weight loss, decreased skin turgor, oliguria (concentrated urine), dry and sticky mucous membranes, postural hypotension or weak, rapid pulse.

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3
Q

Fluid volume deficit

Laboratory findings

A

Elevated BUN ; creatinine, increased serum osmolarity, elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit

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4
Q

Fluid volume deficit

Treatment and nursing care

A

Strict I and O, replacement of fluids isotonically (water is hypotonic)

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5
Q

Fluid volume overload

Causes

A

Heart failure, renal failure, cirrhosis, liver failure, excessive ingestion of table salt, over hydration with sodium-containing fluid, poorly controlled IV therapy.

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6
Q

Fluid volume overload

Symptoms

A

Peripheral edema, increase bounding pulse, elevated BP, distended neck veins and hand veins, dyspnea (moist crackles during auscultation), attention loss, confusion, aphasia, altered level of consciousness

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7
Q

Fluid volume overload

Laboratory findings

A

Decreased BUN, decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit, decreased serum osmolality, decreased urine osmolality and specific gravity.

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8
Q

Fluid volume overload

Treatments and nursing care

A

Diuretics, fluid restriction, strict I&O, sodium-restricted diet, weight daily, serum K+ monitored

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9
Q

Hyponatremia
(Decreased sodium)
Causes

A

diuretics, GI fluid loss, hypotonic tube feeding, D5W or hypotonic IV fluids, diaphoresis

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10
Q

Hyponatremia
(Decrease sodium)
Signs and symptoms

A

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weakness, lethargy, confusion, muscle cramps, twitching, seizures

Na <135 mEq/L

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11
Q

Hyponatremia
(Decreased sodium)
Treatment

A

Restrict fluids, isotonic saline

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12
Q

Hypernatremia
(Increased sodium)
Causes

A

Water deprivation, hypertonic tube feeding, diabetes insipidus, heatstroke, hyperventilation, watery diarrhea, renal failure, cushing syndrome

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13
Q

Hypernatremia is
(Increased sodium)
Signs and symptoms

A

Thirst, hyperpyrexia (Increased fever), sticky mucous membranes, dry mouth, hallucinations, lethargy, irritability, seizures

Na > 145 mEq/mL

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14
Q

Hypernatremia
(Increased sodium)
Treatment

A

Restrict sodium in diet, increase water intake

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15
Q

Hypokalemia
Decreased potassium
Causes

A

Diuretics, diarrhea, vomiting, gastric suctioning, steroid administration, bulimia, Cushing syndrome

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16
Q

Hypokalemia
Decrease potassium
Signs and symptoms

A

Fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, decreased GI motility, dysrhythmias, paresthesia, flat T waves on ECG

K < 3.5 mEq/L

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17
Q

Hypokalemia
Decreased (potassium)
Treatments and nursing care

A

Administer potassium supplements, assess renal status, encourage foods high in potassium

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18
Q

High potassium foods

A

Bananas, oranges, cantaloupes, avocados, spinach, and potatoes

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19
Q

Hyperkalemia
Increased potassium
Causes

A

Oliguria, acidosis, renal failure, Addison disease, multiple blood transfusion

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20
Q

Hyperkalemia
Increased potassium
Signs and symptoms

A

Muscle weakness, bradycardia, dysrhythmias, flaccid paralysis, intestinal colic, Tall T waves on ECG

K > 5.0 mEq/L

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21
Q

Hyperkalemia
Increased potassium
Treatments and nursing care

A

Monitor ECG, admin calcium gluconate to protect heart, IV loop may be prescribed, renal dialysis

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22
Q

Hypocalcemia
Decreased calcium
Causes

A

Renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption, pancreatitis, alkalosis

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23
Q

Hypocalcemia
Decreased calcium
Signs and symptoms

A

Diarrhea, numbness, tingling of extremities, convulsions, positive trousseau sign, positive sign

Ca < 8.5 mEq/L

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24
Q

Hypocalcemia
Decreased calcium
Treatments and nursing care

A

Admin calcium supplements, admin IV calcium slowly, increase calcium intake

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25
Hypercalcemia Increased calcium Causes
Hyperparathyroidism, malignant bone disease, prolonged immobilization, excess calcium supplementation
26
Hypercalcemia Increased calcium Signs and symptoms
Muscle weakness, constipation, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, polyuria, polydipsia, neurosis, dysrhythmias Ca > 10.5 mEq/L
27
Hypercalcemia Increase calcium Treatments and nursing care
Admin calcitonin, renal dialysis
28
Hypomagnesium Decreased magnesium Causes
Alcoholism, malabsorption, diabetic ketoacidosis, prolonged gastric suctioning, diuretics.
29
Hypomagnesium Decreased magnesium Signs and symptoms
Anorexia, distinction, neuromuscular irritability, depression, disorientation Mg < 1.5 mEq/L
30
Hypomagnesium Decreased magnesium Treatments and nursing care
Administer MgSO4, encourage foods high in magnesium
31
Foods high in magnesium
Meats, nuts, legumes, fish, and vegetables
32
Hypermagnesium Increased magnesium Causes
Renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, excess replacement
33
Hypermagnesium Increased magnesium Signs and symptoms
Flushing, hypotension, drowsiness, lethargy, hypoactive reflexes, depressed respirations, bradycardia. Mg > 2.5 mEq/L
34
Hypermagnesium Increased magnesium Treatments and nursing care
Restrict intake of magnesium
35
Hypophosphatemia Decreased phosphorus Causes
Refereeing after starvation, alcohol withdraw, diabetic ketoacidosis, respiratory alkalosis
36
Hypophosphatemia Decreased phosphorus Signs and symptoms
Paresthesias, muscle weakness, muscle pain, mental changes, cardiomyopathy, respiratory failure pH <2.0 mEq/L
37
Hypophosphatemia Decreased phosphate Treatments and nursing care
Admin vitmian D
38
Hyperphosphatemia Increased phosphorus Causes
Renal failure, excessive intake
39
Hyperphosphatemia Increased phosphorus Signs and symptoms
pH > 4.5 mEq/L
40
Isotonic
Osmolality close to extra cellular fluid, do not cause red blood cells to swell or shrink, indicated for intravascular dehydration Treats: dehydration caused by running, labor, fever
41
Isotonic solutions
Normal saline (0.9% NS), lactated ringer’s solution (LR), 5% dextrose in Water (D5W)
42
Hypotonic
Osmolality lower than extracellular fluid, causes fluid to move extracellularly to intracellularly, used in hypernatremia, or hyperglycemia.
43
Hypotonic solutions
0.5% normal saline (HNS or 0.45% NS), 2.5% dextrose in 0.45% saline (D25 45% NS)
44
Hypertonic
Osmolality higher than extracellular fluid
45
Hypertonic solutions
5% dextrose in lactated ringer’s (D5LR), 5% dextrose in 0.45% saline, 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline (D5NS), 10% dextrose in water (D10W)
46
Phlebitis
Vein inflammation
47
Infiltration
Solution leaks into the tissue surrounding the IV.
48
Chvostek
Contraction of facial muscles in response to a light tap over the facial nerve in front of the ear
49
Trousseau
A carpal spasm induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff above the systolic pressure for a few minutes
50
Chloride levels
96 - 106 mEq/L
51
Hypernatremia
Increased sodium
52
Potassium
Effects cardiac
53
Lasix
Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride, Increases renal excretion of water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium
54
spironolactone
Causes loss of sodium bicarbonate and calcium while saving potassium and hydrogen ion
55
Decrease hydrogen
Alkalosis
56
Increase hydrogen
Acidosis
57
Hypoventilation
Respiratory acidosis, hypoxia, rapid/shallow respirations, decrease blood pressure with vasodilation, dyspnea, headache, dysrhythmias because of increased potassium, drowsiness, dizziness, disorientation, muscle weakness
58
Hyperventilation
Metabolic acidosis, headache, decreased BP, warm flushed skin, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, changes in LOC, kussmal respirations
59
Respiratory alkalosis
Seizures, deep/rapid breathing, hyperventilation, tachycardia, decreased or normal BP, numbness and tingling in extremities, lethargy, confusion, light headedness, nausea vomiting
60
Metabolic alkalosis
Restlessness followed by lethargy, dysrhythmias, compensatory hypoventilation, confusion, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, muscle cramps
61
ROME
Respiratory - opposite | Metabolic - equal
62
Normal pH
7.35 - 7.45
63
Lower pH
Acidotic
64
Higher pH
Alkalosis
65
PaCO2
35 to 45
66
Normal HCO3
22 to 28
67
Fully compensated
pH is normal
68
Uncompensated
CO2 or HCO3 normal
69
Partially compensated
Nothing is normal

Theory 2 (4 decks)

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