Module 3

Question 1

Socialization

Answer 1

-The life long process though which people acquire norms, values, and a sense of self
~No individual is immune to the reactions of others. People influence and modify their behavior at all phases of the life course
~Socialization produces social control
-Every individual is born into an objective social structure within which they encounter significant others who are responsible for their socialization.

Question 2

Primary socialization

Answer 2

-Occurs from infancy through childhood. We become a member of society
~Involves the initialization of the identities of their significant others in a variety of emotional ways

Question 3

Secondary socialization

Answer 3

-Socialization from childhood through adult life
~The induction of a socialized individual into new sectors of the objective world of the society
~Example: Stanford Prison Experiment
*Status of prisoner or guard
~Is done with the help of “Agents of socialization”

Question 4

Agents of Socialization

Answer 4

• The Family
• School
• Peers
• Workplace
• The Mass Media

Question 5

Elements of Social Structure: Identity

Answer 5

• Identity
• Social identity
• Master status
• Self-identity

Question 6

Identity

Answer 6

-The distinctive characteristics of a person's (or group's) character that relate to who a person is and what is meaningful to them
~Main sources of identity include gender, sexual orientation, nationally, race, ethnicity, and social class to name a few

Question 7

Social identity

Answer 7

-The characteristics that are attributed to an individual by others

Question 8

Self-identity

Answer 8

-The ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity though which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and out relationship to the world around us

Question 9

Self-identity

Answer 9

-The ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity though which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and out relationship to the world around us

Question 10

The Life Course

Answer 10

-The various transitions and stages people experience during their lives
~Individuals pass through many key transitions or stages during the course of their lives

Question 11

Socialization through the life course

Answer 11

• Childhood
• The teenager
• Young adult
• Midlife
• Later life

Question 12

Charles Horton Cooley

Answer 12

-The “looking-glass” self
~The way in which a person’s sense of self develops from the interactions and perceptions of others
*Both face-to-face relationships but also from electronic media
*Looking for approval is motivational, fundamental human instinct
*Positive approval contributes to our sense of self/social belonging

Question 13

Hypothesis

Answer 13

-Statement that proses a relationship between specific factors or variables

Question 14

Variable

Answer 14

-Concept or its empirical measure that can take on multiple values

Question 15

Correlation is not the same as cauastion

Answer 15

-Causal logic: relationship between a condition or variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the other

Question 16

Correlation

Answer 16

-Exist when a change in one variable coincides with a change in another

Question 17

Spurious correlation

Answer 17

-Means an apparent, although false, associated between tow (or more) variables caused by some other variable

Question 18

Independent variables

Answer 18

-Variables hypothesized to cause or influence another

Question 19

Dependent varibles

Answer 19

-Increase in the level of inequality in society (causal claim) will lead to an increase in crime

Question 20

Quantitative Methods

Answer 20

-Draws on objective and statistical data often focusing on documenting trends, comparing subgroups, or exploring correlations

Question 21

Qualitative Methods

Answer 21

-Relies on personal and/or collective interviews, accounts, or observations of a person or situation

Question 22

Ethnography

Answer 22

-The systematic observation of people while joing in theri routine actions
~In-depth and open-ended interviews
~Researcher embeds themselves within a community, organization, group, or activity
~Must gain trust and acceptance of the group/community

Question 23

Surveys

Answer 23

-Method in which questionnaires are administered directly to a group of people or population

Question 24

Sample

Answer 24

-A small-group of the overall population is selected to participate in the survey

Question 25

Random sample

Answer 25

-Sampling method in which every member of the population has the same probability of being selected to participate

Question 26

Experiments

Answer 26

-Research methods for investigating cause and effect in a controlled and systematic way
~Can be done in either artificial situations or in naturally occurring setting
~Experimental groups: receive some special attention based on researchers theory
~Control group: does not receive the special attention

Question 27

Historical Comparative Analysis

Answer 27

-Seeks to explain large scale phenomenon by examining behaviors, attitudes, or other aspects of social life such as institutions, groups formation, economic systems, etc. across time and space

Question 28

Ethical Questions

Answer 28

-Human subjects and ethical dilemmas
~Institutional Review Boards
*Research must conform to ethical guidelines
**Acquire informed consent
**Minimize invasions of privacy
**Minimize risks to participants
**Ensure confidentiality
**Avoid deception