Module 3: Abnormal Flashcards
(37 cards)
Schizophrenia diagnostic criteria:
Two (or more) of the following symptoms present for a significant portion of time during a one month period:
(A) Delusions
(B) Hallucinations
(C) Disorganised speech
and behaviour
(D) Negative symptoms
What is the primary symptom of schizophrenia?
Delusions: a false belief which is….
> held onto despite contradictory evidence > maybe bizarre > foreign to most members of a culture
Major subtypes of delusions:
(A) Paranoid
belief that someone is
out to harm you.
(B) Grandiose
Belief that you are
god
(C) Somatic
body dysmorphia i.e.
extra limbs
(D) Erotomaniac
typically females who
have a false belief that
they're dating and in
love with someone
even-though they
have not actually met.(4) Specific examples of
common schizophrenic
delusions:
(A) Capgras:
the belief that close
family members have
been kidnapped and
are replaced by
identical imposters.
(B) Cotards Syndrom:
The belief that one is
dead or at least a
shell of a man.
> held onto despite
showing that you can
in fact bleed. "I guess
dead people do
bleed" .
(C) Fregoli's Delusion:
The belief that you
persecutor can take
on many appearances.
(D) Lycanthropy:
belief that you are a
werewolf.
(4) types of schizophrenic hallucinations:
(A) Auditory
*most common
(B) Visual
*less common
(C) Tactile (touch)
(D) Olfactory (smell)Disorganised speech examples:
Inability to understand them because of frequent derailment, incoherency and neologism (making up new words).
Disorganised or catatonic behaviour examples:
> purposeless behaviour
holding bizarre postures
for long periods of time
Negative symptoms examples:
(A) Affective flattening,
monotonic voice and
flat emotion.
(B) Avolition, lack of
motivation to do
anything.Category 1: Paranoid schizophrenia
*the most common form of schizophrenia
(A) If they have a
preoccupation with 1 or
more delusion or
auditory hallucinations
of a persecutory
nature.
(B) If they do NOT have,
disorganised speech
and behaviour/catatonia.
Category 2: Catatonic schizophrenia
Has two of the following:
(A) Motoric immobility- > waxy flexibility (stays in the position you place them in) > bizarre postures > stereotyped movements > prominent mannerisms or grimacing
(B) Excessive motor
activity that is
apparently
purposeless and not
influenced by external
stimuli.
(C) Extreme negativism
*opposite of waxy
flexibility- refusal to
do as told.
(D) Echolalia (repeats
phrases they hear)
and echopraxia
(repeats movements
they see).
Category 3: Disorganised schizophrenia
All of the following are present:
(A) Disorganised speech
(B) Disorganised
behaviour
(C) Flat or inappropriate
affect
Prevalence of schizophrenia
approximately 1% of the population.
Course of schizophrenia
typically, moderate to severe lifetime impairment.
High rates of death in schizophrenia, lifestyle choices, not complying with treatment, misdiagnosis and suicide.
Schizophrenia is more common in men or women?
But…
1 : 1 male to female
but, women have an earlier age of onset and better course outcomes than men.
Characteristics that may indicate a child will later develop schizophrenia:
(A) Mild physical
abnormalities
(B) Poor motor
coordination (clumsy)
(C) Mild cognitive
problems (learning and
attention)
(D) Social problems
(isolation)Diagnosis and treatment for schizophrenia typically occurs….
1-2 years after symptom onset.
Most (78%) schizophrenic patients experience…
multiple episodes and thus, is often referred to as the revolving door syndrome (treatment, release, relapse etc.)
schizophrenia has ___ prognosis
poor
schizophrenia has a ___ suicide rate and comorbidities of…
high, depression and alcoholism.
What are the Genetic Influences of schizophrenia?
(A) You inherent a
vulnerability from your
parents.
(B) Polygenetic i.e. there
are many genes which
interact to cause
schizophrenia
(C) Risk increases with
genetic relatedness,
i.e. identical twins
(monozygotic) have a
50% risk
(D) Adoption studies:
biological
schizophrenic but
raised apart increases
risk a lot but raised by
schizophrenic without
relation is no big
increase.What are the brain structure causes for schizophrenia?
(A) Enlarged ventricles
(B) Reduced tissue
volume
(C) Hypofrontality-
impairment in the
dorsallateral prefrontal
cortexWhat are the prenatal and perinatal influences
(A) Viral infections:
> influenza
> pregnancy
complications
(bleeding)
> Rh incompatibility
(mother/child blood
type do not match)
(B) Delivery complications
> Anoxia (lack of
oxygen to the brain)
(C) Likely to interact with
genetics and the
environmentPsychological and social influences:
(A) Stress
> activates vulnerability
> increases relapse risk
Diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder:
Five (or more) of the following:
(A) Depressed mood most
of the time
(B) Markedly diminished
interest or pleasure in
activities
(C) Significant weight loss
or gain
(D) Diminished ability to
concentrate
(E) Recurring thoughts of
death and suicide
(F) Insomnia or
hyposomnia
(G) Psychomotor agitation
or retardation
