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GLPH 385 > Module 3: Biotechnologies, Bionics and Cyborgs > Flashcards

Module 3: Biotechnologies, Bionics and Cyborgs Flashcards

1
Q

Biohackers

A

-focuses on the less technical aspect and often involves working outside of traditional medicine

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2
Q

Biopharma

A

-biotechnology-based development of drugs

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3
Q

Bioengineering

A

-refers to implanted technology and bionics

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4
Q

Motivations for biotechnology in the context of aging

A

-remain active
-moderate impacts of aging

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5
Q

Remain active

A

-older adults may use biotechnology to help them remain socially, intellectually, and physically active

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6
Q

Moderate impacts of aging

A

-older adults facing challenges in terms of mobility, vision, hearing, etc. may wish to moderate the impacts of these challenges using biotechnology

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7
Q

Bioengineering examples

A

-implants
-bionic prostheses
-3D printing and wearable robotics

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8
Q

Implants

A

-cochlear implants
-retinal implants
-pacemakers
-neurological implants

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9
Q

Bionic prostheses

A

-joint replacements
-bionics
-cyborgs

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10
Q

3D printing and wearable robotics

A

-3D printed organs
-3D printed limbs
-exosuits

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11
Q

What are different types of implants

A

-cochlear implants
-artificial vision
-pacemakers
-neurological implants

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12
Q

Cardiac implants

A

-pacemaker
-implantable cardioverter defibrillators

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13
Q

Pacemaker

A

-small device implanted in the chest to monitor an individuals heart rate
-when irregular heart rate is detected, electrical impulses will be sent from the device to the individuals heart in order to stimulate a normal rate of contraction

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14
Q

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators

A

-developed to prevent sudden cardiac death
-can respond to sudden life-threatening irregularities in cardiac rhythm by delivering a shock to reset the hearts rhythm back to a normal pace

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15
Q

Neurological implants

A

-brain computer interface (BCI)

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16
Q

BCIs for communication

A

-can read people with paralysis’s intentions directly from the brain and using that information to control external devices or move paralyzed limb s

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17
Q

BCIs for mobility

A

-have been utilized to control robotic arms by targeting brain signals from the cortex

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18
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

-involves use of an electromagnetic coil that is placed on the scalp of an individual
-produces a magnetic field which can then stimulate specific areas of the brain

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19
Q

Neurohacking

A

-form of biohacking
-DIY neuroimplant

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20
Q

Potential issues with neural implants

A

-risk of seizure
-risk of vision distortion
-risk of infection

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21
Q

Risk of seizure

A

-due to relatively strong current required to activate target neurons, activating multiple electrodes at once risks triggering a seizure

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22
Q

Risk of vision distortion

A

-activating neighbouring electrodes can stimulate the tissue between them, fusing 2 discrete visual points and blurring vision

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23
Q

Risk of infection

A

-implanted biotechnology could result in scarring of the surrounding brain tissue, possibly leading to an infection

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24
Q

Joint replacements

A

-surgical procedure in which an arthritic or dysfunctional joint surface is replaced with an orthopedic prosthesis

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25
Bionics
-refer to the replacement of a limb or body part by an artificial limb or part that is electronically or mechanically powered
26
Cyborgs
-refer to a person whose physiological functioning is aided by or dependent upon a mechanical or electronic device
27
What are the 3 most common joint replacements performed
-knee -hip -shoulder
28
Material of joint replacements
-ceramic on ceramic is actually most popular because metal rubs together and releases ions into the bloodstream
29
What are the 3 most common types of bionic limbs
-bionic legs -bionic arms -bionic hands
30
Challenges associated with bionics
-attachment -control -sensation
31
Attachment of bionics
-can be challenging to design a bionic limb that is both secure when attached to the body but also comfortable
32
Control of bionics
-control can be challenging, especially if you are looking for neurological control which allows for seamless movement of the limb
33
Sensation of bionics
-most do not yet have a way to sense different stimuli in the environment
34
Examples of bionic limbs
-i-Limb quantum -MIT biomechatronics group -utah knee
35
Difficulties older adults have with traditional prostheses
-usage -pain
36
Usage difficulties with prosthetics
-can be difficult to use, heavy, and frustrating, so much that many choose to use a wheelchair instead
37
Pain with prosthetics
-stump pain, pressure ulcers, and infections can lead older adults to discontinue use after initial interest
38
Limb transplants
-replaces missing body part with a real limb from donor -transplantation requires immunosuppressants and carries risk of rejection
39
What is a cyborg
-complete integration of technology into a biological system so that the technology is a full part of the body with 2 way communication to the nervous system
40
3D printed organs
-biotechnology is almost at the point where actual human organs can be bioprinted, using a patients own cells rather than synthetic materials
41
Organizations providing 3D printed prosthetics around the world
-enabling the future -exceed -project daniel
42
Enabling the future
-volunteer organization that provides open-source plans for volunteers to print, assemble, and distribute free 3D printed upper limbs to those in need
43
Cyborg beast
-prosthetic arm designed to appeal to children by mimicking superhero
44
Exceed
-has addressed the shortage of trained people around the world to fit prosthetic devices and train other to use them
45
Project daniel
-provides 3D printed prosthetic limbs to amputees and also trains locals to use the 3D printers to continue printing limbs for their communities
46
3D printed skin
-university of toronto has developed a handheld 3D printer that can print synthetic skin directly onto wounds
47
What is biological microelectromechanical systems
-BioMEMS -can be incorporated into artificial skin in order to help make prosthetics more realistic
48
Examples of wearable robotics
-soft robotic glove -robotic shoulder support -keeogo knee braces
49
Soft robotic glove
-was developed to assist in the rehabilitation after a stroke by using inflatable chambers to move the users fingers at low cost compared to in clinic tools
50
Robotic shoulder support
-uses inflation to lift the arm and strengthen the shoulder
51
Keeogo knee braces
-monitors lower body position, interprets your intended movement, and then the motors by your knee help you along the way -does not initiate any movement, you are in control
52
Considerations for exosuits
-expensive -decreased mobility -long wait times
53
Expensive
-cost of exosuits can be tens of thousands of dollar
54
Decreased mobility
-can cause slow walking speeds, some individuals are unable to turn when wearing the suit
55
Long wait times
-slow transition from prototype to end users, which means there is a long wait time before they are made commercially available
56
What are cosmeceuticals
-cosmetic products with bioactive ingredients purported to have medical benefits
57
What are some of the newer forms of nanocosmeceuticals
-liposomes -niosomes -solid lipid nanoparticle -nanostructured lipid carriers -nanoemulsions -gold nanoparticles
58
Liposomes
-for the delivery of fragrances, vitamins and for anti-aging creams
59
Niosomes
-for anti wrinkle and whitening creams, hair repairing shampoos
60
Solid lipid nanoparticle
-composed of biodegradeable and physiological lipids that exhibit low toxicity and are used in sunscreens and day creams
61
Nanostructured lipid carriers
-high drug loading capacity for entrapped bioactive compound and also have fewer side effects than SLN
62
Nanoemulsions
-used in deodorants, shampoos, and hair conditioners
63
Gold nanoparticles
-help with blood circulation, has anti-inflamatory and antiseptic properties, improving firmness and elasticity of skin, delaying aging process, and vitalizing skin metabolism
64
Potential issues with nanoparticles
-long and short term side effects are unclear -some with poor solubility have been shown to cause cancer and can exhibit more pronounced toxicity -inhalation can occur from application to the lips -since they are generally categorized as aesthetic products they often avoid the testing required for over the counter drugs

GLPH 385 (6 decks)

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