Module 3 Capturing and Converting Energy

Question 1

Exergonic describes chemical reactions where the products have a higher free energy than the reactants.

Answer 1

false

Question 2

Potential energy refers to the potential to do work.

Answer 2

true

Question 3

Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of _____ and used short-term to perform work for a(n)_____.

Answer 3

glucose, ATP

Question 4

When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction…

Answer 4

it lowers the activation energy of the reaction

Question 5

__________ are used for optimal regulation of enzymes.

Answer 5

both of these

Question 6

Enzymes are used up in chemical reactions.

Answer 6

false

Question 7

During the second half of glycolysis, what occurs?

Answer 7

ATP is made

Question 8

Aerobic respiration is the process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen.

Answer 8

true

Question 9

The citric acid cycle takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the nucleus.

Answer 9

false

Question 10

In the electron transport chain, the free energy is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane.

Answer 10

true

Question 11

ATP synthase is a membrane-embedded protein complex that regenerates ATP from ADP with energy from protons diffusing through it.

Answer 11

true

Question 12

Cellular respiration must be regulated in order to provide balanced amounts of energy in the form of ATP.

Answer 12

true

Question 13

Some organisms thrive in environments with little or no oxygen.

Answer 13

true

Question 14

Anaerobic respiration yields more ATP than aerobic respiration.

Answer 14

false

Question 15

Which of the following components is not used by both plants and cyanobacteria to carry out photosynthesis?

Answer 15

chloroplasts

Question 16

What two main products result from photosynthesis?

Answer 16

sugars/carbohydrates and oxygen

Question 17

In which compartment of the plant cell do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place?

Answer 17

stroma

Question 18

Which of the following structures is not a component of a photosystem?

Answer 18

ATP synthase

Question 19

The overall function of light-dependent reactions is to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP.

Answer 19

true

Question 20

Chlorophylls and carotenoids are the two major classes of photosynthetic pigments found in plants and algae.

Answer 20

true

Question 21

Where in eukaryotic cells does the Calvin cycle take place?

Answer 21

chloroplast stroma

Question 22

What is the product of the Calvin cycle?

Answer 22

glucose

Question 23

Which of the following organisms is a heterotroph?

Answer 23

intestinal bacteria

Question 24

DNA replication involves unwinding two strands of parent DNA, copying each strand to synthesize complementary strands, and releasing the parent and daughter DNA. Which of the following accurately describes this process?

Answer 24

this is an anabolic process

Question 25

Consider a pendulum swinging. Which type(s) of energy is/are associated with the pendulum in the following instances: i. the moment at which it completes one cycle, just before it begins to fall back towards the other end, ii. the moment that it is in the middle between the two ends, and iii. just before it reaches the end of one cycle (just before instant i.)

Answer 25

i. potential, ii. kinetic, iii. potential and kinetic

Question 26

Scientists use the term __________________ to discuss the concept of energy flow through living systems, such as cells.

Answer 26

bioenergetics

Question 27

______________________ refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter.

Answer 27

thermodynamics

Question 28

Scientists call reactions that have a negative ?G, and consequently release free energy, _______________.

Answer 28

exergonic reactions

Question 29

The energy currency used by cells is _____.

Answer 29

ATP

Question 30

The glucose that enters the glycolysis pathway is split into two molecules of _________.

Answer 30

pyruvate

Question 31

______________is the process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH.

Answer 31

glycolysis

Question 32

Glycolysis is an ________ process.

Answer 32

anaerobic

Question 33

______________________is comprised of adenosine bound to three phosphate groups.

Answer 33

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 34

chemiosmosis involves...

Answer 34

the movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane.

Question 35

How many NADH molecules are produced on each turn of the citric acid cycle?

Answer 35

three

Question 36

Chemiosmosis is used to generate ____ percent of the ATP made during aerobic glucose catabolism.

Answer 36

90

Question 37

The _______________ is the last component of aerobic respiration.

Answer 37

electron transport chain

Question 38

The final acceptor of electrons is…

Answer 38

oxygen

Question 39

Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles?

Answer 39

lactic acid fermentation

Question 40

The control of which enzyme exerts the most control on glycolysis?

Answer 40

phosphofructokinase

Question 41

The fermentation method used by animals and certain bacteria, such as those in yogurt, is...

Answer 41

lactic acid fermentation

Question 42

Lactic acid fermentation occurs frequently in _________ that have run out of oxygen, such that it is not a cause for concern.

Answer 42

muscle cells

Question 43

Alcohol fermentation produces...

Answer 43

alcohol

Question 44

Predict the end result if a chloroplast’s light-independent enzymes developed a mutation that prevented them from activating in response to light.

Answer 44

ATP and NADPH accumulation

Question 45

How are the NADPH and GA3P molecules made during photosynthesis similar?

Answer 45

they both store energy in chemical bonds

Question 46

What are the roles of ATP and NADPH in photosynthesis?

Answer 46

ATP and NADPH are forms of chemical energy produced from the light-dependent reactions to be used in the light-independent reactions that produce sugars.

Question 47

On a hot, dry day, plants close their stomata to conserve water. What impact will this have on photosynthesis?

Answer 47

The rate of photosynthesis will be inhibited as the level of carbon dioxide decreases.

Question 48

Where would photosynthetic organisms likely be placed on a food web within most ecosystems?

Answer 48

at the base

Question 49

How many photons does it take to fully reduce one molecule of NADP+ to NADPH?

Answer 49

2

Question 50

Which complex is not involved in the establishment of conditions for ATP synthesis?

Answer 50

photosystem II

Question 51

From which component of the light-dependent reactions does NADPH form most directly?

Answer 51

photosystem I

Question 52

Plants containing only chlorophyll b are exposed to radiation with the following wavelengths: 10 nm (x-rays), 450 nm (blue light), 670 nm (red light), and 800 nm (infrared light). Which plants harness the most energy for photosynthesis?

Answer 52

blue light irradiated lights

Question 53

What is the source of electrons for the chloroplast electron transport chain?

Answer 53

water

Question 54

which of the following statements is true?

Answer 54

In photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide are reactants. G3P and oxygen are products.

Question 55

Which molecule must enter the Calvin cycle continually for the light-independent reactions to take place?

Answer 55

CO₂

Question 56

which statement correctly describes carbon fixation?

Answer 56

the conversion of CO2 into an organic compound

Question 57

Energy can be stored in molecules like ATP, but why are carbohydrates used instead?

Answer 57

carbohydrates are much more stable and efficient reservoirs for chemical energy

Question 58

Why are carnivores, such as lions, dependent on photosynthesis to survive?

Answer 58

because the prey of lions are generally herbivores which depend on autotrophs