Module 3 - Cells Flashcards
(52 cards)
3 principle parts of cell
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Plasma Membrane
Flexible, sturdy barrier
Contains cytoplasm
Fluid mosaic model
Double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules
Proteins dispersed throughout
Surface hydrophilic (loves water) – polar phosphate heads
Internal hydrophobic – nonpolar fatty acids
Integral proteins – firmly inserted – glycoproteins – serve as channels, transporters, and receptors, and enzymes
Peripheral proteins – loosely on inner and outer surface – serving as enzymes or cytoskeletal anchors
Cholesterol – stabilizes and reduces fluidity
Selectively permeable
Yes – small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules
No – ions, charged, or polar molecules
Transmembrane protein act as channels
Macromolecule use vesicular transport
Integral Proteins
Integral proteins – firmly inserted – glycoproteins – serve as channels, transporters, and receptors, and enzymes
Peripheral proteins
Peripheral proteins – loosely on inner and outer surface – serving as enzymes or cytoskeletal anchors
Cholesterol
Cholesterol – stabilizes and reduces fluidity
Parts of Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Cytoskeleton
Organelles
Cytosol
Cytosol – intracellular fluid
semi fluid – contains inclusions and dissolves solutes
mostly water, proteins, carbs, lipids, and inorganic substances
chemicals either in solution or colloidal (suspended) form
medium where metabolic reactions occur
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules
Centrosomes
Cilia and Flagella
Microfilaments
Microfilaments – made of actin – function in movement and mechanical support
Intermediate filaments
Intermediate filaments – diff proteins – function to support and anchor organelles
Microtubules
Microtubules – protein called tubulin – determines cells shape – transports organelles – moves chromosomes during division
Centrosomes
Centrosomes – dense areas of cytoplasm containing centrioles – centers for organizing microtubules interphase and mitotic spindle during division
Cilia and Flagella
Cilia and Flagella – hair like projections from surface – move materials. Flagella – sperms
Ribosomes
Ribosomes or Synthesizer – consist of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins – freely or in ER – synthesize proteins by building amino acids
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum - STORAGE – network of membranes in flattened sacs (cisterns) – holds ribosomes and newly synthesized proteins – transports and stores – releases calcium for muscle contractions
Rough ER
Rough ER – continuous with nucleus – outer surface studded with ribosomes – synthesizes glycoproteins and fats
Smooth ER
Smooth ER – Extends from rough – network of tubules – no ribosomes on membrane – detoxes chemicals
Golgi Complex
Golgi Complex or SORTER – packages, processes, and delivers proteins sends to other places in cell – improves and fixes proteins from ER – forms vesicles to move molecules to membrane, exocytosis – tags things for location – Membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles
Lysosomes
Lysosomes or Garbage Guts – cut or digest – membrane bound – digests molecules – formed in golgi complex – intracellular digestion – autophagy – worn out organelles – engulf structures – material can be reused
Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes – smaller than lysos – contain enzymes that oxidizes organic substances - lipid metabolism and catabolism of D-amino acids, polyamines and bile acids
Proteasome
Proteasome – tiny membrane bound sac that holds protease enzyme – cuts proteins
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion – double membrane bound – outer is smooth – inner has folds (cristae) – site of ATP productions by catabolism of nutrient molecules – aerobic cellular reaction – self replicating – own DNA
Nucleus
Nucleus
Covered by nuclear envelope
Pores – nucleoli
Genetic material (DNA) arranged in single file along chromosomes
DNA is coiled with proteins
26 chromosomes in 23 pairs
Instructions for protein synthesis in DNA
Transcription
Transcription – a section of DNA is copied onto strand of RNA – mRNA (messenger) – makes a template – directs protein synthesis – RNA polymerase comes to the section and opens it, elongation – the mRNA will leave the nucleus to find a ribosome - DNA synthesizes rRNA (ribosomal) and tRNA (transfer)
