Module 3 - Endocrine Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapeutics

Question 1

Using the concept of glucose homeostasis, explain the pathophysiology (including
diagnostic tests) of type 1 diabetes mellitus

Answer 1

Pancreatic beta cell destruction -> decrease in endogenous insulin production -> increase in glucose in blood and cell -> increase in hyperosmolality, advanced glycosylated end products and lipolysis

Question 2

Using the concept of glucose homeostasis, explain the pathophysiology (including
diagnostic tests) of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer 2

Insulin resistance causes hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia -> advanced glycosylation end products -> vascular, sensorimotor and immunity effects

Question 3

Using the concept of glucose homeostasis, explain the pathophysiology (including
diagnostic tests) of gestational diabetes mellitus

Answer 3

Placental hormones cause reduced insulin sensitivity -> maternal and fetal effects
Maternal effects: Polyphagia, Polydipsia and Polyuria
Fetal effects: Post-delivery hypoglycaemia

Question 4

Describe the acute and chronic complications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and the brief
pathophysiology for each

Answer 4

Acute: Neuropathy, Ketoacidosis
Chronic: DKA

Question 5

Describe the acute and chronic complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the brief
pathophysiology for each

Answer 5

Acute: Retinopathy, CVD, Neuropathy
Chronic: Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic Non-Ketotic Coma - hyperglycaemia and dehydration develop