Module 3 Exam Review

Question 1

What is evolutionary psychology?

Answer 1

Focuses on how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time.

Question 2

What do evolutionary psychologists study?

Answer 2

A variety of psychological phenomena that may have evolved as adaptations.

Question 3

What is the theory of natural selection?

Answer 3

This refers to the survival and reproductions of organisms better suited for their environment over others.

Question 4

What are the two different gametes in reproduction?

Answer 4

-Male(Sperm)
-Female(Ova)

Question 5

What are chromosomes?

Answer 5

Long strand of genetic material(DNA).

Question 6

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 6

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 7

What are the four elements of nucleotide base pairs?

Answer 7

-A: Adenine
-T: Thymine
-G: Guanine
-C: Cytosine

Question 8

What are alleles?

Answer 8

Specific versions of genes.

Question 9

What is meiosis?

Answer 9

A type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes.

Question 10

What is a genotype?

Answer 10

The genetic makeup of an individual.

Question 11

What is a phenotype?

Answer 11

The person inherited physical characteristics.

Question 12

How many chromosomes does a person get from each parent?

Answer 12

22 chromosomes

Question 13

What do the chromosomes XX indicate?

Answer 13

A female

Question 14

What do the chromosomes XY indicate?

Answer 14

A male

Question 15

What are autosomes?

Answer 15

Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome.

Question 16

When are dominant genes expressed?

Answer 16

Always, unless absent.

Question 17

When are recessive genes expressed?

Answer 17

In the absence of a dominant gene.

Question 18

What does being homozygous indicate?

Answer 18

That someone has two copies of the same allele.

Question 19

What does being heterozygous indicate?

Answer 19

That someone has a combination of alleles.

Question 20

What are chromosomal abnormalities?

Answer 20

These occur when the chromosome structure is altered.

Question 21

What are deletions?

Answer 21

When portions are missing or deleted.

Question 22

What are duplication’s?

Answer 22

When a portion is duplicated.

Question 23

What are translocations?

Answer 23

When portions are transferred to another.

Question 24

What are inversions?

Answer 24

When a portion is broken off and attached upside down.

Question 25

What are insertions?

Answer 25

When a portion is deleted and inserted into another chromosome.

Question 26

What are rings?

Answer 26

When a portion is broken off to form a circle.

Question 27

What is an isochromosome?

Answer 27

This is formed by the mirror image copy of a chromosome segment.

Question 28

What is down syndrome?

Answer 28

The most common chromosomal abnormality on chromosome #21.

Question 29

What is turners syndrome?

Answer 29

-This occurs in 1/2500 live female births. This happens when an ovum lacking a chromosome is fertilized as a sperm with a X chromosome. This creates an XO composition.

Question 30

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

Answer 30

-This occurs in 1/700 live male births This occurs when the ovum containing an extra X chromosome is fertilized by a Y sperm.

Question 31

What does prenatal screening do?

Answer 31

Focuses on finding problems among a large population with non-invasive methods.

Question 32

What are different types of prenatal screenings?

Answer 32

-Ultrasound -Blood tests -Blood pressure tests

Question 33

What is a prenatal diagnosis?

Answer 33

Focuses on pursuing additional detailed information once a particular problem has been found and can be invasive.

Question 34

What are some problems that prenatal screenings can detect?

Answer 34

-Neural tube defects -Anatomical defects -Chromosomal abnormalities -Gene defects

Question 35

What do epigenetics describe?

Answer 35

Psychological development as the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between hereditary and environment.

Question 36

What are behavioral genetics?

Answer 36

The science of how genes and environments work together to influence behavior, which are studied in twin and adoption studies.

Question 37

What are monozygotic twins?

Answer 37

Identical twins, these occur when a single zygote splits into two identical offspring within the first two weeks of pregnancy.

Question 38

What happens in 60/70% of monozygotic twins?

Answer 38

They share the same placenta but have separate amniotic sacs.

Question 39

What are dizygotic twins?

Answer 39

Fraternal twins, twins that share the same genetic material as would any other children with the same mother and father.

Question 40

What are conjoined twins?

Answer 40

Monozygotic twins whose bodies are joined during pregnancy.

Question 41

What are vanishing twins?

Answer 41

As many as ⅛ pregnancies start out as multiples but only one of the fetuses is brought to full term.

Question 42

What are twin studies?

Answer 42

A behavior genetic research method that involves a comparison between monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

Question 43

What happens during the Germinal period of development(Weeks 1-2)?

Answer 43

-The fertilized egg forms a one-celled zygote. -The genetic makeup and sex of the baby are set. -The zygote divides and multiplies through the process of mitosis(7-10 days). -150 cells are planted into the uterine lining.

Question 44

What happens during the embryonic period of development(Weeks 3-8)?

Answer 44

-Upon implantation, the multicellular organism is called an embryo. -The placenta is formed. -Cells differentiate, the heart begins to beat, and organs begin to form and function. -Growth occurs from the head to the tail, and from the mid-line outward.

Question 45

What is the placenta?

Answer 45

A structure connected to the uterus to provide nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the embryo via the Umbilical cord.

Question 46

How many pregnancies fail during the embryonic period?

Answer 46

Twenty Percent.

Question 47

What weeks are the fetal period?

Answer 47

9-40 weeks.

Question 48

What happens in week 9 of development?

Answer 48

You are the size of a kidney bean, you begin to look more human.

Question 49

What happens in week 12 of development?

Answer 49

The fetus has developed all body parts.