Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neurology > Module 3: Neural Functioning > Flashcards

Module 3: Neural Functioning Flashcards

1
Q

molecules–organelles

A

–cells–tissue–organs–organ systems–organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

four types of molecules

A

lipids (fats); proteins (amino acids); carbohydrates (sugar, energy); nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bilipid membrane

A

surrounds cell; keeps things away from each other and maintains resting potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

nucleus

A

center of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nucleolus

A

RNA in nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cytosol

A

intracellular soup with organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

mitochondria

A

metabolism/food storage for cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cytoskeleton

A

structural protein; for shape and transportation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

endosplasmic reticulum

A

proteins to build larger molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

move materials out of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

lysosomes

A

break down and recycle old materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

microtubulues and filaments

A

maintain structure and are cytoskeletal tracks for axonal transport (anterograde and retrograde)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

make equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

concentration gradient

A

high sodium on the outside, lower on the inside; passive process for producing electrical current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

positive and negative ions

A

pos: sodium/calcium/potassium; neg: chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

selective permeability

A

only allows (chloride) through passively due to shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

globular proteins

A

channels that let things in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ATP

A

energy in cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

voltage regulated gate; moves from low to high (against gradient); allows for change in resting potential by providing energy to the cell; exchange of sodium and potassium (uses ATP for energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

multipolar neurons (several dendrites, one axon)

A

Golgi Type I projections: long axons; myelinated; motor. Golgi Type II: local, unmyelinated, thalamic loops, interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

bipolar neurons (one dendrite and one axon)

A

rare; auditory and olfactory

22
Q

unipolar neurons (one axon)

A

sensory information from PNS to CNS

23
Q

axondendritic synapse

A

normal connection

24
Q

axomsomatic synapse

A

inhibition

25
axoaxonic synapse
modulate pattern generators
26
Nissl susbstance
special protein in rough ER for membrane upkeep (maintains negativity) and info processing; needs constant supply of oxygen
27
axon hillock
connection of axon to soma
28
teledendrion terminate in
terminal boutons
29
resting potential
difference in potential across the membrane at rest: -70 mV; cytosol is negative compared to extracellular space so that reaction can occur; depolarization occurs when differences reaches -55mV
30
graded potential
mechanical or chemical perturbation (generated by sensory input) that effects the plasma membrane; travels along dendrites in small decrements and can accumulate to create AP OR decrease as it spreads
31
depolarization
cell becomes less negative; excitatory; positive ions in (Na), negative out; RP decreased
32
hyperpolarization
cell becomes more negative; inhibitory; positive ions out, negative in; back to -70mV; RP increased
33
action potential (nerve impulse)
all or nothing; at axon hillock to terminal bouton; if cell membrane reaches -55mV, the electrical gate opens; depolarization opens Na+ channels and floods cell with positive ions; sets of negative waves down the axon; decremental; sodium channel opens at -55mV and Na+ enters cell until it gets to +40mV; then K+ leaves cell, potential returns to resting; recovery period
34
synaptic transmission
AP reaches boutons; opens voltage-gated Ca++ channels; activates synaptic vessicles to release neurotransmitter
35
neurotransmitter
causes ion channels or post-synaptic membrane to open; synthesized in soma or cytoplasm; largely chemical process
36
Ligand Channel
electrical gates on one side, chemical on other; opens when dopamine hits (chemical gate)
37
Nodes of Ranvier
unmyelinated areas; more common in PNS; saltatory transmission; faster for shorter axons, and more efficient
38
convergence
1 neuron receives impulse from multiple neurons; inhibitory or excitatory; summative strong response (from graded potential to AP)
39
divergence
1 neuron activates multiple proximal synapses; increases amplification; branching into limitless pathways; common in cerebellum due to sensory afferent to thalamus and cortical areas
40
degeneration of cell
primary neuronal loss: immediate neuronal loss (CVA, anoxia, trauma)--loss of all blood flow; secondary neuronal loss: region adjacent to primary injury
41
retrograde axonal reactions
degeneration changes to cell body in response to injury down the axon
42
regeneration
PNS: injured axon can regrow due to trophic factors that cause axonal sprouting (in Schwann cells); CNS: no growth, or if limited, then rapid scar tissue produced
43
retrograde transneural degeneration
death that affects proximal cells
44
excessive neurotransmitter removed in three ways
1: reuptake 2: degradation (used up in opening channels and changes into other substance) 3: diffusion (into extracellular space)
45
excitatory
resting potential decreases (less neg.), causes depolarization EPSP: muscle, gland, other neurons. Example: glutamate
46
inhibitory
resting potential increases (more neg.), causes hyperpolarization IPSP. Example: GABA
47
neuropeptide
neurotransmitter for modulation/regulation of other neurotransmitters
48
examples of neurotransmitters
ACh, norepinephrine, neuropeptides, dopamine, serotonin, GABA
49
synaptic transmission process
synthesis of neurotransmitter; concentration and packing of neurotransmitter; release of n. into synaptic cleft; binding to receptor molecule post-synaptically; termination of action (exocytosis: closing of vesicle)
50
Parkinson's
Not enough inhibitory dopamine produced in basal ganglia, so Ach exitatory is unopposed and keeps firing; hypokinetic (rigid/dysarthria); masked face; monopitch; rapid articulation; stuttering. Tx: reduce ACh, make dopamine last longer, add more
51
myasthenia gravis
disorder at gap junction; progressive weakness of muscles; autoimmune response as enzymes attack neurotransmitter and prevent synapse; ptosis (eyelid dropping), blurred vision, dysphagia, slurred speech. Tx: medication

Neurology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions