Module 3 - Pregnancy & Early Childhood

Question 1

one dose of a vaccination may not guarantee full immunity but it will…..

Answer 1

provide partial immunity given that most of the population are also protected

Question 2

what are children under 5 at risk of getting?

Answer 2

severe influenza

Question 3

the influenza vaccine is recommended anually for those how old?

Answer 3

6 monts and older

Question 4

active immunity

Answer 4

Production of own antibodies in response to natural/artificial antigens

Question 5

passive immunity

Answer 5

resistance of the body to infection where the host receives antibodies by another source (does not produce them)

Question 6

natural active immunity occurs when?

Answer 6

a person has had the infection, causing production of antibodies and memory cells which prevent infection from multiplying should it enter the body again

Question 7

natural passive immunity occurs by?

Answer 7

antibodies being passed through placenta to the baby

Question 8

which antibody passes from the placenta to the baby in natural passive immunity?

Answer 8

igG

Question 9

which antibodies are transferred via colostral in natural passive immunity?

Answer 9

igA

Question 10

how long does natural passive immunity last?

Answer 10

only a few months, after which vaccinations are required

Question 11

artificial active immunity

Answer 11

antigens introduced via vaccines consisting of live organisms, killed organism or microbial/tocin garments

Question 12

example of attenuated vaccine

Answer 12

measles and mumps

Question 13

example of killed vaccine

Answer 13

hepatitis A, influenza

Question 14

example of toxoid vaccine

Answer 14

tetanus

Question 15

example of artifical passive immunity

Answer 15

antibodies passed from an animal or other humans

Question 16

what are most infections in children caused by?

Answer 16

viruses

Question 17

which kind of baby has higher immunity?

Answer 17

breast fed

Question 18

when should a fever in a child be treated

Answer 18

above 39 degrees, unless child is distressed. this is to allow the body’s immune system to fight effectively against the illness such as through producing an inflammatory response

Question 19

children between 6 months and 5 years are at higher risk for?

Answer 19

febrile seizures

Question 20

how does the skin work as a line of defence?

Answer 20

contains many microorganisms which suppress the growth of more severe organisms

Question 21

where are mucous membranes found?

Answer 21

in the lining of passages continuous with the skin, such as the mouth and nostrils

Question 22

how do mucous membranes protect us?

Answer 22

mucus moistens the surface, forming a trap for dust and cold bacteria

Question 23

what do the ciliated epthelial cells in the respiratory tract do?

Answer 23

sweep microbes and debris up and out of the airways

Question 24

which secretions have antibacterial properties?

Answer 24

sebum and saliva

Question 25

what does saliva contain and what is this?

Answer 25

lysozyme, a bactericidal enzyme

Question 26

acidic chemical barriers

Answer 26

skin secretions, hydrochloric acid secreted in the stomach, vaginal secretions

Question 27

what are the major phagocytes of the body called?

Answer 27

macrophages

Question 28

what do phagocytes do

Answer 28

eat any non human material

Question 29

natural killer cells

Answer 29

lymphocytes (white blood cells)

Question 30

antimicrobial proteins

Answer 30

interferon and complement

Question 31

what do interferon and complement do?

Answer 31

stimulate healthy cells to block viruses' ability to replicate; attract macrophages and NKCs

Question 32

what does inflammation do

Answer 32

minimises possibility of infection, helps dispose of cell debris and pathogens, helps heal damaged tissue

Question 33

what does the inflammatory response release into the extracellular fluid?

Answer 33

chemicals such as complement proteins that increase blood flow to the injury and induce hyperaemia

Question 34

examples of complement proteins

Answer 34

histamine, prostaglandins, kinins, cytokines

Question 35

hyperaemia

Answer 35

congestion with blood

Question 36

role of oedma in inflammation

Answer 36

stimulates local pain nerve endings

Question 37

what is fever a response to in inlammation?

Answer 37

a system response to pyrogens

Question 38

what are pyrogens

Answer 38

chemicals released by leukocytes and macrophages

Question 39

what can excessive water intake ccause

Answer 39

hyponatremia

Question 40

when does hyponatremia occur

Answer 40

when sodium in the blood drops to a dangerously low level

Question 41

what is sodium needed in the body for?

Answer 41

in muscle contraction and in sending nerve impulses

Question 42

symptoms of dehyration in children

Answer 42

cold skin, lethargy, dry mouth, depressed fontanelle, blue tinge to skin

Question 43

daily fluid for infants 0-6mths

Answer 43

0.7l

Question 44

fluid for children 1-3

Answer 44

1L

Question 45

fluid for children 9-13yrs

Answer 45

1.4-1.6L

Question 46

fluid for children 14-18yrs

Answer 46

1.6-1.9L

Question 47

fluid intake for women

Answer 47

2.1L

Question 48

fluid intake for men

Answer 48

2.6L

Question 49

how much physical activity should children aged 3-5yrs be doing each day?

Answer 49

3 hours, 1 hour of which is energetic play

Question 50

sedentary screen time

Answer 50

no more than 1 hour

Question 51

sleep for preschool age children

Answer 51

10-13 hrs

Question 52

most common chronic disease in children aged 0-14yrs

Answer 52

asthma

Question 53

which observation tool can be used to help assess pain in children with disabilities?

Answer 53

FLACC

Question 54

externalising behaviour in children

Answer 54

angry, impulsive, hyperactive, challenging | - easy to recognise, disruptive behaviour than demands attention

Question 55

internalising behaviour in children

Answer 55

withdrawal, worry, fearfulness and becoming easily upset - more difficult to notice as it is mostly experienced internally by the child - doesn't usually draw attention from others

Question 56

what is GDM

Answer 56

gestational diabetes mellitus | form of diabetes occuring during pregnancy

Question 57

when is GDM diagnosed?

Answer 57

when higher than normal blood glucose levels appear during pregnancy

Question 58

when should a pregnant woman be tested for GDM?

Answer 58

24-28 weeks, unless more at risk

Question 59

risk factors for GDM

Answer 59

- 40+ yrs - history of T2D/1st degree relative with GDM - high bgls in past - aboriginal or torres strait islander background - pcos - taking anti-psychotic or steroid medications

Question 60

how is GDM managed

Answer 60

healthy eating and regular activity

Question 61

how is GDM treated?

Answer 61

metformin medication and/or insulin injections

Question 62

when are the 'baby blues' usually experienced?

Answer 62

between 3rd and 10th day post partum, usually passes within a few days