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Primary Health Care > Module 3 - Pregnancy & Early Childhood > Flashcards

Module 3 - Pregnancy & Early Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

one dose of a vaccination may not guarantee full immunity but it will…..

A

provide partial immunity given that most of the population are also protected

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2
Q

what are children under 5 at risk of getting?

A

severe influenza

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3
Q

the influenza vaccine is recommended anually for those how old?

A

6 monts and older

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4
Q

active immunity

A

Production of own antibodies in response to natural/artificial antigens

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5
Q

passive immunity

A

resistance of the body to infection where the host receives antibodies by another source (does not produce them)

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6
Q

natural active immunity occurs when?

A

a person has had the infection, causing production of antibodies and memory cells which prevent infection from multiplying should it enter the body again

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7
Q

natural passive immunity occurs by?

A

antibodies being passed through placenta to the baby

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8
Q

which antibody passes from the placenta to the baby in natural passive immunity?

A

igG

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9
Q

which antibodies are transferred via colostral in natural passive immunity?

A

igA

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10
Q

how long does natural passive immunity last?

A

only a few months, after which vaccinations are required

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11
Q

artificial active immunity

A

antigens introduced via vaccines consisting of live organisms, killed organism or microbial/tocin garments

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12
Q

example of attenuated vaccine

A

measles and mumps

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13
Q

example of killed vaccine

A

hepatitis A, influenza

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14
Q

example of toxoid vaccine

A

tetanus

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15
Q

example of artifical passive immunity

A

antibodies passed from an animal or other humans

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16
Q

what are most infections in children caused by?

A

viruses

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17
Q

which kind of baby has higher immunity?

A

breast fed

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18
Q

when should a fever in a child be treated

A

above 39 degrees, unless child is distressed. this is to allow the body’s immune system to fight effectively against the illness such as through producing an inflammatory response

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19
Q

children between 6 months and 5 years are at higher risk for?

A

febrile seizures

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20
Q

how does the skin work as a line of defence?

A

contains many microorganisms which suppress the growth of more severe organisms

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21
Q

where are mucous membranes found?

A

in the lining of passages continuous with the skin, such as the mouth and nostrils

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22
Q

how do mucous membranes protect us?

A

mucus moistens the surface, forming a trap for dust and cold bacteria

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23
Q

what do the ciliated epthelial cells in the respiratory tract do?

A

sweep microbes and debris up and out of the airways

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24
Q

which secretions have antibacterial properties?

A

sebum and saliva

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25
Q

what does saliva contain and what is this?

A

lysozyme, a bactericidal enzyme

26
Q

acidic chemical barriers

A

skin secretions, hydrochloric acid secreted in the stomach, vaginal secretions

27
Q

what are the major phagocytes of the body called?

A

macrophages

28
Q

what do phagocytes do

A

eat any non human material

29
Q

natural killer cells

A

lymphocytes (white blood cells)

30
Q

antimicrobial proteins

A

interferon and complement

31
Q

what do interferon and complement do?

A

stimulate healthy cells to block viruses’ ability to replicate; attract macrophages and NKCs

32
Q

what does inflammation do

A

minimises possibility of infection, helps dispose of cell debris and pathogens, helps heal damaged tissue

33
Q

what does the inflammatory response release into the extracellular fluid?

A

chemicals such as complement proteins that increase blood flow to the injury and induce hyperaemia

34
Q

examples of complement proteins

A

histamine, prostaglandins, kinins, cytokines

35
Q

hyperaemia

A

congestion with blood

36
Q

role of oedma in inflammation

A

stimulates local pain nerve endings

37
Q

what is fever a response to in inlammation?

A

a system response to pyrogens

38
Q

what are pyrogens

A

chemicals released by leukocytes and macrophages

39
Q

what can excessive water intake ccause

A

hyponatremia

40
Q

when does hyponatremia occur

A

when sodium in the blood drops to a dangerously low level

41
Q

what is sodium needed in the body for?

A

in muscle contraction and in sending nerve impulses

42
Q

symptoms of dehyration in children

A

cold skin, lethargy, dry mouth, depressed fontanelle, blue tinge to skin

43
Q

daily fluid for infants 0-6mths

A

0.7l

44
Q

fluid for children 1-3

A

1L

45
Q

fluid for children 9-13yrs

A

1.4-1.6L

46
Q

fluid for children 14-18yrs

A

1.6-1.9L

47
Q

fluid intake for women

A

2.1L

48
Q

fluid intake for men

A

2.6L

49
Q

how much physical activity should children aged 3-5yrs be doing each day?

A

3 hours, 1 hour of which is energetic play

50
Q

sedentary screen time

A

no more than 1 hour

51
Q

sleep for preschool age children

A

10-13 hrs

52
Q

most common chronic disease in children aged 0-14yrs

A

asthma

53
Q

which observation tool can be used to help assess pain in children with disabilities?

A

FLACC

54
Q

externalising behaviour in children

A

angry, impulsive, hyperactive, challenging

- easy to recognise, disruptive behaviour than demands attention

55
Q

internalising behaviour in children

A

withdrawal, worry, fearfulness and becoming easily upset

  • more difficult to notice as it is mostly experienced internally by the child
  • doesn’t usually draw attention from others
56
Q

what is GDM

A

gestational diabetes mellitus

form of diabetes occuring during pregnancy

57
Q

when is GDM diagnosed?

A

when higher than normal blood glucose levels appear during pregnancy

58
Q

when should a pregnant woman be tested for GDM?

A

24-28 weeks, unless more at risk

59
Q

risk factors for GDM

A
  • 40+ yrs
  • history of T2D/1st degree relative with GDM
  • high bgls in past
  • aboriginal or torres strait islander background
  • pcos
  • taking anti-psychotic or steroid medications
60
Q

how is GDM managed

A

healthy eating and regular activity

61
Q

how is GDM treated?

A

metformin medication and/or insulin injections

62
Q

when are the ‘baby blues’ usually experienced?

A

between 3rd and 10th day post partum, usually passes within a few days

Primary Health Care (9 decks)

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