Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Equine > Module 3- Reproduction and Breeding > Flashcards

Module 3- Reproduction and Breeding Flashcards

1
Q

Is the process of getting genetic material from male to genetics materials from the female through the union of sperm and egg cells.

A

Reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Have reduced the efficiency of reproduction

A

Manipulation and confinement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Several factors contributing to poor reproductive performance

A

1.Reproductive anatomy
2.Long time period before the embryo can safely implant in the uterus
3. Variable hormonal system synchronizing the whole process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Reproductive organ of stallion

A

Two testes (each suspended by a spermatic cord and external cremaster muscle)
Two epididymis
Two deferens ducts
Penis
Associated muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the accessory sex glands in Stallion?

A

Paired Vesicular Glands
One prostate Gland
Paired bulbourethral glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Outside of reproductive tract of stallion

A

Scrotum
Prepuce
Penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is an outpouching of the skin, divided into two scrotal sacs by a septum

A

Scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The testes of stallion should be what?

A

Should descend from abdominal cavity through inguinal canal into the scrotum between the last 3 weeks of gestation and the first 2 weeks after birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What will happens if the testes does not descend before closure of inguinal ring?

A

Cryptorchid testis stays in the abdominal cavity that can lead to infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The three parts of ejaculation

A

Erection
Emission
Ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is stimulated by teasing stallion.
The penis lengthens and stiffens through engorgement with blood.
Occurs in strong pulsatile contractions

A

Erection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

During this the semen, which contains spermatozoa and fluid from the cauda epididymis plus fluids from the accessory gland arrived in pelvic urethra.

A

Emission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

During this mating process semen is expelled through the urethra.
Reproduction in the stallion is also under hormonal control.
The hormones directly include FSH, LH, and testosterone.

A

Ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Full reproductive capacity is not reached until what age in stallion?

A

4 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

No spermatozoa production occurs until a stallion is well over what age?

A

1 year old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The stallion reproductive capacity will then remain constant until what age?

A

20 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

It influenced sperm output and sperm production

A

Season
Testicular size
Age
Frequency of ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The three best months for testicular size, development, function in stallion

A

May, June and July

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

This months the testes are regressed

A

September through February especially November and December

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Volume per ejaculate in millimeters

A

60 to 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sperm per cubic millimeter

A

150-300 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Total sperm in Ejaculate

A

5-15 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Starting in mid-to late December the stallion should be exposed to how many hours of light and hours of darkness

A

16 hours of light
8 hours of darkness per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

This would prevent the stallion being sensitive to increasing light

A

Stallion has to be normally exposed to the decreasing daylight in the fall to eliminate a photoreceptory condition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Do lead to early burnout and a decline in performance at the end of the breeding season

A

Artificial photoperiods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The mare reproductive anatomy is characterized by ?

A

Simple uterus
Placenta arrangement
Inefficient cervical closure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mare reproductive organs

A

Ovary, Fallopian tube, cervix, vulva and vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

These structure are suspended within the abdominal cavity via ligament and connective tissue to the abdominal wall.

A

Uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The elongated shape of the uterus and uterine horns causes the uterus to what?

A

Drain inefficiently, predisposing this organ to infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Maintain pregnancy by retaining the embryo and it’s membrane within the uterus and preventing entry of bacteria.

A

Closure of the cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Is vital for embryo survival by preventing infection.

A

Maintenance of cervical seal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Closure of the cervix is controlled by what? This has been cited as a possible cause for early embryonic death.

A

Hormonal levels and can be unstable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Is attached to the endometrial lining of the uterus by the innumerable tiny villi that project into the lining, forming a shallow one-cell thick fusion through which the placenta transfer the embryo’s blood, oxygen, and nutritional needs

A

Placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Stimulates release of progesterone

A

Corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What will happen if hormonal balance is not achieve?

A

Mare will have problems cycling, conceiving, maintaining pregnancy, delivering a foal, and providing adequate milk supply.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Controls all phase of reproductive tract stimulation and inhibition.

A

Hormonal Balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Occurs after mare ovulates and is responsible for the production of the corpus luteum and it’s production of progesterone.

A

Luteal phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What causes mare to come into heat and ovulate?

A

Strong follicle-stimulating phase of her cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Are released to destroy the corpus luteum, reduce progesterone, and allow the mare to cycle again.

A

Prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Relaxes the uterus to allow the embryo to implant and new pregnancy to be established

A

Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Maintain pregnancy by keeping follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen in check. thereby preventing the mare from coming back into estrous and disrupting the newly established pregnancy.

A

Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

A animal that comes into estrous several times a year but does not cycle all year round.

A

Polyestrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Times of year with irregular and sub-fertile cycles

A

February and March

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Are called breeding transition momths

A

September and October

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

When a mare begin cycling in the spring their estrous lasts for how many days?

A

6 to 8 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The length of estrous in most mares at the peak of the season in may or June

A

3 to 4 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Produce the hormone estrogen, which causes the signs of sexual receptivity.

A

Follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The time when a primary follicle is ready to shed an egg nature enough for the fertilization form the ovary, occurs late in the estrous, no more than 2 days before the mare goes out of heat.

A

Ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

After ovulation, the now eggless cavity in the follicle fills up with a blood clots and is now called what?

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Produces the hormone progesterone, which corresponds with diestrus.

A

Corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

During this stage the cervix relaxes and is soft and rose pink.

A

Estrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

In this stage the cervix protrudes into the vagina; it’s pale pink and tightly constricted; secretion are scant, viscous, and sticky

A

Diestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

At the time of ovulation, the follicle in large mares may be as large as what?

A

65mm in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

By this day the follicle may be detected by rectal palpation and by ultrasound.

A

Day 20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

It can estimate follicular size and can also differentiate between a young corpus luteum and soft follicle, even though these structures feel similar during rectal palpation.

A

Ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

If the fetus is aborted before this day the mare continue to show signs of being pregnant, due to special tissue secreting the hormone that maintain pregnancy, until day 120.

A

Day 45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Puberty age of mare

A

15 to 24 months
But can early as 1 year of age and as late as 4 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

The mare normal estrous cycle

A

21-22 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

The mare usually goes into winter anestrus between what months?

A

November, February and March

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

The first 5-7 days when a mare displays behavioral signs of sexual receptivity to the stallion are called?

A

Estrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the behavior or mare when teased with a stallion

A

Will raise her tail and urinate
Labia will open to expose the clitoris, while she assumes a mating position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

During this phase the behavior pattern is that of sexual rejection of the stallion .
During this stage the mare will switch her tail, pin her ears back, kick and move away from the stallion when she is teased

A

Luteal phase or diestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Diestrus lasts at what days?

A

14-15 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

The ovum leaves the ovary and enter the ovary ducts

A

Fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

The ovum is visible for how many hours?

A

8-12 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

The spermatozoa coming up the oviduct can live?

A

24-48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

The time involved for the spermatozoa to travel down to the oviduct and reach the ovum

A

4-6 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Based on time constraints, breeding is recommended within what day?

A

1 or 2 days before ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

By this hour the embryo settled at one part of the uterus, where is implants

A

16-18 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

After the egg is fertilized, it travels down the oviduct and enter the uterus in what day?

A

5-6 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Is the premature termination of pregnancy before 300 days of gestation

A

Abortion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

From ovulation parturition the average length of gestation is ?

A

335 days plus or minus 2-4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Termination after 300 days of gestation

A

Stillbirth

74
Q

What causes abortion?

A

Bacteria and viruses

75
Q

Consideration for breeding include

A

Appearance
Pedigree
Hereditary disorders
Disposition
Conformation
Performance

76
Q

Factors that relate to the mare’s reproductive potential

A

Age
Previous athletic use
Breed
General Health
Status
Nutrition
Past breeding records

77
Q

In this age the mare may have some abnormal cycling pattern.

A

2-3 years old

78
Q

Anatomical changes in mare after multiple foals

A

Changes in vulvu and vagina predisposing for pneumovagina and urine pooling

79
Q

The very large draft breeds the show a greater tendency to reproductive failure

A

Miniature breed

80
Q

Mare that has never been breed

A

Maiden mare

81
Q

A mare that was either not breed the previous season or did not conceive in the previous season

A

Barren or open mare

82
Q

Mare that has foaled during the current breeding season and is nursing sa foal

A

Wet mare

83
Q

It includes past breeding records and are all helpful information in reproductive evaluation

A

Previous foaling data:
Gestation length
Any complications
Cycling patterns from previous years
Previous reproductive surgery
Previous uterine infection
Treatment
Evidence of early embryonic death in previous season.

84
Q

It includes Previous medical events such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (heaves) leading to
coughing and difficulty breathing, cardiac disease, or pain from laminitis or tendinitis will all influence
reproductive potential.

A

General Health

85
Q

Has been used for pregnancy diagnosis since early 1980s and is used in addition to rectal palpation
may also provide diagnosis of conditions that cannot be felt by rectal palpation.

A

Ultrasound

86
Q

Is inserted into the rectum and moved across the reproductive tract

A

Ultrasound probe

87
Q

In this mare ultrasound study of the ovaries can distinguish between follicles, corpus
hemorrhagicum, corpus lutea, ovarian cysts, and tumors.

A

nonpregnant mares

88
Q

Ultrasonography is useful in what?

A

normal reproductive cycle
diagnosing diseases of the ovaries and uterus
early detection
of pregnancy
diagnosing twins
diagnosing embryonic death
determining length of gestation

89
Q

It where cysts or an infection can be diagnosed

A

Uterus

90
Q

With ultrasonography the diagnosis of pregnancy is possible in what day of gestation?

A

14 days

91
Q

With ultrasonography the fetal heartbeat can be detected in what day of gestation?

A

Day 22
(Should be routinely looked from day 25 on)

92
Q

With ultrasonography it is possible to determine the sex of foal at what day of gestation?

A

Day 60 to 70

93
Q

Effect of short breeding season

A

Reduce the number and sexual individuality of the stallion will affect his Siring ability

94
Q

Should be fed like a horse at hard work

A

Breeding stallion

95
Q

Feed requirements of breeding horse

A

1½ pounds of grains
1 pound of hay per 100 pounds of body weight

96
Q

Regular exercise of stallion usually result in what?

A

Sexual vigor (libido)
Fertility

97
Q

Two methods used in breeding horse

A

Hand mating
Pasture mating

98
Q

reduces labor, affords convenience to the owner, “catches” shy breeding mares, and creates an opportunity for
a high settling percentage. It has the disadvantage of reducing the number of mares a stallion can serve, and it
obscures breeding dates. Some risk to the stallion exists.

A

Pasture mating

99
Q

is practiced under wide variety of
conditions, ranging from rather casual selection of mares and
sanitation conditions to operations that are highly supervised
with a veterinarian in attendance

A

Hand mating

100
Q

2 kind of breeding stall

A

Teasing stall
Breeding stall

101
Q

What stall should be used in when stallion is hand mated

A

Teasing stall

102
Q

aside from nutritional requirements, should be paid attention regularly for Reproduction and Breeding For the pregnant mare.

A

dental and hoof care

103
Q

usually do not need shoes, but if they are shod, the
shoes should be removed a few weeks before foaling to protect the foal at birth. A good exercise program is
recommended.

A

Broodmares

104
Q

vaccination program should include what?

A

Vaccination against rhinopneumonitis (3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th)
Tetanus
Equine encephalomyelitis
Influenza (4 weeks prior to foaling)

105
Q

During this time of gestation the mares abdomen takes on the pendulous enlarged characteristics of pregnancy.

A

Final two months of pregnancy

106
Q

It does not allow transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus

A

Placenta

107
Q

The foal intestine will absorb the antibodies only during what hour?

A

First 24 hours after birth

108
Q

Stimulates the udder to produce milk

A

Prolactin

109
Q

Hormonal inadequacies is a common occurrence if the mare is consuming what?
It produce chemical toxin to horse

A

Fescue grass

110
Q

Hormone that enables contraction of uterus and milk let down

A

Oxytocin

111
Q

bacterial infection of the mammary glands (udder) and/or the urogenital tract.

A

Mastitis, metritis Agalactia

112
Q

It becomes relaxed prior to parturition

A

Tail, head, croup and perineal are

113
Q

Loosen the ligament of the pelvis

A

Relaxin

114
Q

Signs of impending parturition (7)

A

Large, pendulous abdomen or sudden change in position of foal
Udder enlargement
Waxed teats
Relaxation of the tail, head, croup, and perineal area
Enlarged abdominal milk veins
Loss of appetite
Change in personality

115
Q

Change in gait of a pregnant mare occurs when?

A

1 to 2 months before giving birth

116
Q

It can be used to predict the foal’s arrival time

A

Milk Calcium concentration

117
Q

Waxed teats of a pregnant mare occurs when?

A

2 weeks to just hours before foaling

118
Q

Relaxation of tail, head, croup and perineal area occurs when?

A

1 month to 2 weeks before foaling

119
Q

Enlarged abdominal milk veins occurs when?

A

2 months 2 weeks before foaling

120
Q

Does not occurs in all mares, but if present, depressed appetite usually occurs during last months of gestation

A

Loss of appetite

121
Q

Change in personality behavior will change when?

A

4-2 weeks before foaling

122
Q

. The best predictor of foaling
time

A

knowledge of the mare’s gestation length and behavior during previous pregnancies.

123
Q

equipment or supplies that will be
needed during and/or after foaling:

A
  1. Four to five ounces of an iodine solution in a sterile jar
  2. Tail bandages or 3-inch gauze bandages
  3. Roll of sterile cotton
  4. Package of gauze squares (3” or 4” square)
  5. Adhesive tape (1 inch wide)
  6. One pint povidone-iodine compound
  7. Six to eight clean towels
  8. Enema tube, soap, and lubricant
  9. Seamless pail
  10. Large animal thermometer
124
Q

Three stages of labor

A

Stage 1. The uterus begins to contract, the foal moves into position to be born, and the cervix relaxes in stage 1
Stage 2. This is the time of intense labor contractions that push the foal through the birth canal.
Stage 3. Stage 3 is complete when the placenta and fetal membranes are expelled.

125
Q

Sign of labor in stage 1

A

restlessness
Tail switching
pacing
Sweating over the
neck, chest, and flank

126
Q

Stage 1 of labor ends when?

A

when the allantois, or fetal membranes, are pushed through the cervix by the advancing
fetus and rupture, releasing amniotic fluid (breaking water).

127
Q

Situation that causes dystocia

A

1.mare become
exhausted in the middle of labor and be unable to push the foal out,
2. A foal will not fit through the birth canal 3. Any
deviation from the front-legs-first, head-facing down-between-the-knees posture
4.The presence of twins is a possibility when labor becomes extended.
5.The entire foal may also be completely backward, or breech

128
Q

may have a blue tongue and bluish-white nasal mucus.

A

Newborn foal

129
Q

What to do to a new born foal?

A

1.As soon as it is
born, the fetal membranes should he cleared away from the foal’s head so that breathing can start.
2. The
umbilical cord should be allowed to break on its own.
3.Once this has happened, the foal’s navel should be
immediately treated with an iodine solution to prevent entrance of pathogens through the opening. In
some instances, the navel will bleed after the umbilical cord has broken.
4. The cord should be tied shut
with a length of sterile umbilical tape, gauze, or string

130
Q

The
membranes usually are passed how many minutes after the foal’s birth.

A

5 to 45 minutes

131
Q

an inflammation of the
uterus. And is an infection that may result in laminitis or death.

A

Metritis

132
Q

It should be inspected after it has been passed
to ensure it is complete and there are no tears or pieces missing.

A

The placenta

133
Q

a soft, dark-brown body of tissue it is floating among the membranes.

A

hippomane

134
Q

It happens after the membranes have been properly expelled, the mare’s uterus will undergo involution, during
which the uterus returns to its nonpregnant size

A

Immediately postpartum

135
Q

Without infection or trauma the uterus will involutes with how many days?

A

10 days

136
Q

a term used to describe a symptom of abdominal (belly) pain, which in horses is usually caused by problems in the gastrointestinal tract

A

Colic

137
Q

They ovulate more slowly than younger mare

A

Older mare

138
Q

May cause abdominal pain and colic like symptoms

A

Involution

139
Q

It is the most critical hours for both mare and foal.
For this reason they should be keep in what?

A

24 hours
a clean, quiet environment where they can be observed frequently

140
Q

It should be avoided in the first few weeks of lactation

A

Damp or wet environment

141
Q

It is when A mare needs special attention during the first week after delivery. The perineal region will be bruised
and sore. Defecation may be painful.

A

Postpartum mare care

142
Q

may loosen the
stool and make defecation less painful

A

Bran, beet pulp, more salt, or other laxative-type feeds

143
Q

Decreased appetite and water intake may cause what?

A

Decreased milk production

144
Q

During this time of lactation the mare’s energy requirements are double normal maintenance levels, and she needs larger amounts
of concentrates and high-quality hay.

A

first 3 months of
lactation,

145
Q

The mare’s uterus continues to involute through how many weeks after delivery?

A

first 2 weeks

146
Q

a dark brown fluid may be seen on the vulva. This odorless discharge in vulva

A

lochia

147
Q

About what day of postpartum, the
mare’s reproductive tract needs to be examined by a veterinarian if she is to be rebred.

A

the 7th or 8th day

148
Q

is relatively common during the first week postpartum

A

Colic

149
Q

It is a more serious condition occurring
immediately postpartum. This condition,
occasionally seen in mares over 15 years of age, is usually fatal.

A

internal bleeding

150
Q

Cause internal bleeding

A

rupture of the middle uterine artery.

151
Q

Symptoms associated with a middle uterine artery rupture

A

colic
pawing
anxiousness
profuse
sweating.
gums may also look pale or white.

152
Q

At this day of postpartum most mares will come into heat.

A

6 to 12 days postpartum

153
Q

In rebreeding it is the first estrous after is part of
the uterine involution process. Unless uterine involution is practically complete, conception is unlikely in a mare
bred during this heat.
These mares run a greater chance of developing uterine infections and scarring since the uterus is most
susceptible to infection during the first 30 days after foaling

A

foal heat

154
Q

It slows down the involution process, and the uterus
will be unable to support embryo life.

A

uterine or vaginal bruising, damage, or swelling

155
Q

The conception rate for mares bred during their foal heat is only how many percent?.

A

40 percent

156
Q

Excessive or improperly timed breeding attempts increase the chances of what?

A

uterine infections

157
Q
  1. The fertile egg is released from a follicle on the ovary during the mare’s estrous usually occurs on when?
A

7th and again on the 30th day after delivery
(A mare usually goes out of estrous within 1 day after ovulation, although there is variation between mares.)

158
Q

The mare ovulate without showing
any external signs of estrous.

A

Silent heat

159
Q

What causes silent heat?

A

Mares who have just foaled is their concern for their foals.
Their maternal instinct is stronger than the instinct to display estrous

160
Q

The hormone that stimulates milk production (lactation), may inhibit estrogen and the hormones necessary for ovarian activity

A

Prolactin

161
Q

is more common if the mare is on a substandard diet and in a negative energy balance.

A

Lactational inhibition of ovarian activity

162
Q

Transporting the Mare

A

If the mare is to be transported to the stallion, she should arrive well before the onset of her second heat.

163
Q

The ideal body condition score of a mare before second heat estrous

A

5

164
Q

is a method of quantifying the amount of subcutaneous fat cover.

A

Condition score

165
Q

Management of equine reproduction involves the use of what?

A

photoperiods and hormones

166
Q

The designated birth date of foals of many performance breeds in the Northern Hemisphere is?

A

January 1

167
Q

is used to induce follicular activity

A

artificial lighting

168
Q

A mare requires approximately how many days of artificial lighting before ovulation occurs.

A

60 days
To induce ovulation in early February, the artificial lighting has to start in late November or early December.

169
Q

Uses of hormones

A

Hormones can be used to make a mare short cycle, or come in season early.
to ensure that a mare will ovulate within 24 to 48 hours after being bred.

170
Q

Mares becoming pregnant early in the
year are more likely to lose their fetuses because of what?

A

extreme fluctuations in hormone level

171
Q

stimulates uterine contractions in childbirth and lactation after childbirth
Also increases production of prostaglandins

A

Oxytocin

172
Q

control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, the formation of blood clots and the induction of labour.

A

Prostaglandins

173
Q

assist in reproduction, feeding, social interactions and maternal-neonatal bonding in mammals.

A

Pheromones

174
Q

stimulates follicles on the ovary to grow and prepare the eggs for ovulation. As they increase in size, they begin to release estrogen and a low level of progesterone into your blood.

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

175
Q

helps control the menstrual cycle. It also triggers the release of an egg from the ovary. This is called ovulation
stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone, which acts locally to support sperm production.

A

Luteinizing hormone

176
Q

Makes up 20% of the estrous cycle

A

Follicular phase

177
Q

Makes up the 80% of the estrous cycle

A

Luteal phase

178
Q

Causes the decline in progesterone

A

Luteolysis

179
Q

Causes follicle to produce estrogen

A

Gonadotropin (FSH AND LH)

180
Q

Ovulated follicles undergoes transformation to become what?

A

Corpus luteum

Equine (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions