Module 4

Question 1

The small stomach of horse holds only how many gallons?

Answer 1

2 to 5 gallons (8–20 L)

Question 2

The cow’s rumen capacity

Answer 2

15 to 30 gallons (57–114 L)

Question 3

where do horses breakdown its roughage?

Answer 3

Cecum

Question 4

the horse “fermentation vat” that does much the same job as a cow’s rumen

Answer 4

horse hindgut

Question 5

measurement of horse cecum and colon

Answer 5

4-foot-long (1 m) cecum
12-foot-long (4 m) colon.

Question 6

Combined capacity of colon and cecum

Answer 6

25 gallons (95 L)

Question 7

Causes colic in horse

Answer 7

Parasite

Question 8

It has a large population of microorganisms (bacteria and protozoa) that ferment the fiber in plant materials.

Answer 8

Large intestine

Question 9

Is dependent on the efficiency of microbial fermentation in the cecum and colon.

Answer 9

Fiber digestion

Question 10

helps regulate the flow of nutrients in the digestive tract and guards against behavioral problems related to boredom.

Answer 10

Dietary fiber

Question 11

provides the horse with carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, vitamins and water in sufficient quantities to maintain life and allow it to do work, reproduce or grow depending on the particular demands at the time.

Answer 11

Balance ration

Question 12

The nutrient demands of the horse will depend on such factors:

Answer 12

(BCWAAHREM)
1. bodyweight
2. condition
3. work level
4. appetite
5. age
6. health
7. reproductive status
8. environment
9. management

Question 13

Several methods of determining bodyweight:

Answer 13

1. weighbridge
2. tape measure and calculator
3. weigh-tape
4. table of weights.

Question 14

Several rules have been developed to ensure good feeding practice:

Answer 14

(EFMFFKMF)
1. ensure clean fresh water is always available
2. feed little and often
3. make any changes gradually
4. feed only good-quality dust-free feed
5. feed plenty of plant fiber/forage
6. keep feed utensils clean
7. maintain regular feeding times
8. feed according to work done, condition and temperament.

Question 15

Traditional diets for horses included what?

Answer 15

hay, oats and bran

Question 16

Factors should be taken into account when deciding on a ration:

Answer 16

cost
individual nutrient requirements of the horse
nutrient content of feed
availability
quality

Question 17

Two main categories feed for horses

Answer 17

forage
concentrate

Question 18

falls in between the forage and concentrate as it contains readily digestible fiber.

.

Answer 18

Beef pulp

Question 19

is the most accurate, but few horse owners have access to this piece of equipment.

Answer 19

Weighbridge

Question 20

An equation has been produced that gives the bodyweight based on the horse’s heart girth and length from point of shoulder to the point of buttock:

Answer 20

Bodyweight (kg) = heart girth (cm)2 x length (cm)/8717
or
Bodyweight (lb.) = heart girth (in)2length (in)/241

Question 21

are also available which use the horse’s heart girth measurement to give an approximate bodyweight. These are quite useful in measuring weight loss and/or gain if used consistently.

Answer 21

Weight tapes

Question 22

two factors must be taken into account to make a successful ration

Answer 22

nutrient requirement of the horse
nutrient value of the feed

Question 23

can be measured in a laboratory using many different analytical procedures.

Answer 23

Nutrient value of feed

Question 24

contains a large proportion of water and therefore has a low dry matter value

Answer 24

grass

Question 25

contain little moisture and have a higher dry matter value

Answer 25

cereals such as oats and barley

Question 26

provide the energy needed for all cell processes and basic functions such as breathing and the beating of the heart. They also provide energy for muscle contraction.

Answer 26

Carbohydrates

Question 27

two group of carbohydrates

Answer 27

soluble carbohydrates or non-structural insoluble carbohydrates or structural

Question 28

starch and sugar is what type od carbohydrates?

Answer 28

Soluble or non-structural

Question 29

cellulose and hemicellulose is what type of carbohydrates?

Answer 29

Insoluble or structural

Question 30

contains more fiber, which is still an excellent slow-release energy source for horses.

Answer 30

Hay

Question 31

are simply metric calories.

Answer 31

Joules

Question 32

refers to the amount of energy in the feed, which is actually digested for use by the horse. Some will be wasted.

Answer 32

Digestible energy

Question 33

hard-working horses are given high fat rations also Fat has been used for some time to supplement diets of endurance horses with much success. true or false?

Answer 33

True

Question 34

contains two and a quarter-times more energy than carbohydrate.

Answer 34

Fats

Question 35

is an important structural component of all animal tissues also the greatest in the young horse, as it is still growing.

Answer 35

Protein

Question 36

how many amino acids occurs naturally?

Answer 36

20 amino acid

Question 37

most important amino acids

Answer 37

lysine, methionine and tryptophan

Question 38

is most likely to be deficient in the horse’s diet, particularly when a cereal or ‘straight’ ration is being fed and the horse has limited grazing.

Answer 38

Lysine

Question 39

are a group of chemical compounds that are vital for life. They are required in minute quantities for the normal healthy functioning of the horse.

Answer 39

Vitamins

Question 40

two groups of vitamins

Answer 40

fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK) water soluble vitamins ( B and C complex)

Question 41

vitamins can be stored in the body, particularly the liver.

Answer 41

Fat soluble vitamins

Question 42

If too many water -soluble vitamins are fed then toxicity may result TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 42

FALSE

Question 43

horses are able to meet their mineral needs by selectively grazing and roaming over huge areas of land with different soil types.

Answer 43

FERAL horses

Question 44

vitamins can be made by the microorganisms in the horse’s gut.

Answer 44

Water soluble vitamins

Question 45

are inorganic substances found throughout the horse’s body and are essential for health and development. .

Answer 45

Minerals

Question 46

how many minerals are known to be essential in the horse’s diet?

Answer 46

21 minerals

Question 47

Some minerals that are required in larger amounts

Answer 47

macro-minerals, or major minerals

Question 48

Minerals those required in concentrations below 50 mg/kg

Answer 48

trace elements or trace minerals.

Question 49

Factors affecting the amount of minerals available in grains and forage

Answer 49

soil deficiencies mineral interactions poor availability

Question 50

should be fed free choice.

Answer 50

Salt

Question 51

should be fed free choice, separate from the salt. .

Answer 51

Calcium and phosphorous

Question 52

are common sources of calcium and phosphorus.

Answer 52

Ground limestone Steamed bone meal Defluorinated phosphate

Question 53

Young horses’ ratio of calcium and phosphorous

Answer 53

1.1 parts calcium to 1-part phosphorus

Question 54

Older horses’ ratio of calcium and phosphorus in their diet.

Answer 54

6:1 6 parts calcium to 1-part phosphorus

Question 55

How many gallons do horses drink every day?

Answer 55

10 to 12 gallons (37.8 to 45.4 liters)

Question 56

Water is required for many different life functions such as: .

Answer 56

-temperature regulation • medium in which chemical reactions can take place • solvent in which substances may be dissolved and transported • gives cells their shape • excretion in the form of urine • milk.

Question 57

the main criterion is the size of the animal: bigger animals needs more food.

Answer 57

To feed for maintenance

Question 58

The main criterion is the amount of production required

Answer 58

to feed for production

Question 59

Production rations are mostly based on what?

Answer 59

cereals or high digestible fiber and oil.