Module 3 - Social Psychology

Question 1

what was Rousseau idea on the nature of the humankind?

Answer 1

man is by nature good and only institutions make him bad

Question 2

what was Hobbes idea on the nature of the humankind?

Answer 2

man by nature is nasty and brutish , it the the civilising constraints of society that keeps the nature of the human intact

Question 3

name the perspectives to social psychology

Answer 3

1. cognitive
2. learning
3. motivational
4. biological
5. cultural

Question 4

what is the cognitive perspective

Answer 4

• the emphasis is on how perception affects behaviour

Question 5

what is the leaning perspective

Answer 5

the emphasis is on the principles of reinforcement and imitation
- the tendency to focus on observable behaviour and ignore cognition. Responses based on prior learning

Question 6

what is the motivational perspective

Answer 6

emphasis on basic human needs

Question 7

what is the biological perspective

Answer 7

emphasis on evolutionary past and genetic disposition

Question 8

what is the cultural perspective

Answer 8

emphasis on how culture affects social behaviour

Question 9

what are the 4 levels of analysis in social psychology

Answer 9

1. intra- personal level
2. inter -personal level
3. inter -group level
4. societal level

Question 10

define intra-perosonal?

Answer 10

based on what goes inside the person?

Question 11

define inter-personal?

Answer 11

interaction between 2 people

Question 12

define inter-group?

Answer 12

based on group level behavior

Question 13

define societal leve?l

Answer 13

cultural effects on behavior

Question 14

what did freud draw attention to

Answer 14

• the study of unconscious
• the developmental aspects of personality
• talking cures (therapy)

Question 15

what was the basic human condition according to Freud?

Answer 15

always following pleasure seeking instincts

Question 16

what did hobbes claim in terms of human instincts

Answer 16

he claimed that persons baser instincts were curbed by external sanction

Question 17

when were external restraint of society internalized according to freud

Answer 17

during childhood

Question 18

what did freud believe in terms of impulses?

Answer 18

• forbidden impulses could never be rules out
• impulses can be denied but will always return and reassert themselves
• as a consequence, there will always be a conflict between instincts and the demands of society

Question 19

what are the 3 sub- systems involved in conflict?

Answer 19

ID, EGO, SUPERGO

Question 20

What is ID

Answer 20

• contains most basic urged i.,e drink, rest,
• the need to gain sexual pleasure
  ID work in the pleasure principle
• ID demands satisfaction in the moment and does not care about the consequences

Question 21

what is ego?

Answer 21

• works on the reality principle

- ties to satisfy the ID pragmatically in accordance with societal

Question 22

what is super ego?

Answer 22

represents the internalised rules of parents and society

• feel guilty when you go against the rules

Question 23

What are the defence mechanisms?

Answer 23

displacement
reaction formation
projection
isolation

Question 24

what is displacement ?

Answer 24

impulses redirected into a safer course

Question 25

reaction formation?

Answer 25

original wish supplanted with the opposite

Question 26

projection?

Answer 26

urges are projected onto others

Question 27

isolation ?

Answer 27

awareness of memories but not emotions.

Question 28

what is the oedipus complex

Answer 28

- boy wants to sexually possess the mother - hates the father - fears that the father may find out and castrate him - leads to CASTRATION ANXIETY - the problem gets resolved by the boy giving up the desires for his mother - the boy identifies with the father, in hope to find some like his mother

Question 29

what is the electra complex?

Answer 29

- girl realises thats she does not have a penis, which she regards as a catastrophe - feels that she has been castrated already, develops penis envy - turns to her father who has a desirable organ in the hope that he will give her a penis substitution in the form of a baby - she turns her sexual attention to the father - hates the mother - develops anxiety over her desires, resolves it by identifying with the mother

Question 30

what age is oral stage

Answer 30

0-2 years

Question 31

what age is anal stage

Answer 31

2-4

Question 32

what age is the phallic stage

Answer 32

4-6

Question 33

what type of complexes develop in the phallic stage

Answer 33

electra and oedipus

Question 34

what age is the latency stage

Answer 34

6-12

Question 35

what age is the genital stage ?

Answer 35

12 +

Question 36

what were the problems with freuds claims ?

Answer 36

- never studied children - ideas not falsifiable - little experimental evidence to support his claims

Question 37

What is an attitude?

Answer 37

is a positive or negative reaction towards a stimulus, such as a person, `action, object or concept

Question 38

what does attitude comprise of and give examples ?

Answer 38

- cognitive - i.e belief, knowledge - affective i.e feelings, emotions - behavioural i.e act, behave

Question 39

name the techniques which are used to measure attitude

Answer 39

- likert scales - the bogus pipeline - electromyography (EMG)

Question 40

Explain the technique likert scales

Answer 40

- these depend on all honesty - some times people do not tell the truth - they sometimes give socially desirable answers

Question 41

explain the bogus pipeline technique?

Answer 41

- hooked up to impressive looking apparatus and are usually told that it measures minute changed in their muscle - if the respondent believe that the apparatus assesses their true opinions than there is little point in lying

Question 42

explain the electromyography?

Answer 42

measures the activity of facial muscles - when people experience emotion such as happiness or sadness different facial muscles moves

Question 43

explain the study conducted by LaPiere 1934?

Answer 43

he investigated the relation between racist attitude and behaviour - toured with a Chinese couple, stopped many restaurant and hotels and only one refused to serve them - he then went back and wrote to all the places he had been to and asked whether they would accomodate a chinese couple - 92% said no but had accommodated them when they were in front of them - showed that attitude does not always predict behaviour

Question 44

to demonstrate the relationship between attitudes and behaviour what must we consider

Answer 44

1. When we have a positive attitude towards the behaviour 2. When norms support our attitudes 3. when the behaviour is under our control

Question 45

are our attitudes relatively stable?

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

what is one reason relates to attitude change ?

Answer 46

cognitive dissonance

Question 47

what is cognitive dissonance

Answer 47

the inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour

Question 48

why does cognitive dissonance cause our attitude to change?

Answer 48

behaviour is irrevocable so we have to change our attitudes

Question 49

Attitude can changed by a host of factors, what are these?

Answer 49

if the source is credible, trustworthy, attractive and likeable and if the message id presented - quick - long and without hesitation

Question 50

how do emotional appeals also change our attitude

Answer 50

fear can work in some circumstances such as 1. the message evokes moderate strong fear 2. the message provides a feasible (low cost) way to reduce the threat

Question 51

what is one way to avoid attitude change ?

Answer 51

through rehearsal of counter arguments