Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AS Biology > Module 3 transport in animals > Flashcards

Module 3 transport in animals Flashcards

(93 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Exchange and transport

A

organisms exhange with environment.
products include:
waste
o2 and glucsoe
heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

unicellular

A

rely on diffusion to exchange substance.
short diffusion pathway.
larger surfacearea-volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

multicellular

A

need exchange/transport systems.
long diffusion pathway.
long to deliver o2
smaller SA;V ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

very active organisms

A

have higher metabollic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

metabollic rates

A

amount of energy used by organism in given time.
active organisms need more ATP, as need to respire quicker.
this means more o2 needs to be delivered.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the lungs consist of

A

trachea-windpipe
bronchi-branches of trachea
bronchioles-branches of bronchi
alevoli-air sacs at end of bronchioles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

elastic fibres

A

lung stretches, and recoils doing inhalation and exhalation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

smooth muscles

A

Bronchiole.
relaxes doing exercise, decreases resistance, and increases air flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

feautres of good blood supply

A

increased surface area to volume
thin layers
good blood supply
ventillation to mantain gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

increased surface area to volume

A

provides area needed for exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

thin layers

A

shorter distance to diffuse makes fast and efficent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

good blood supply

A

ensures blood, so substances constantly delivered.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ventilation to maintain gradient.

A

flow of water carrying dissolved gases,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

trachea

A

main airway.
wide tube-incomplete rings-food can pass behind.
strong flexible cartilage, so it wont collapse.
ciliated epithelium and goblet cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ciliated epithelium and goblet cells.

A

beat and move mucus, which is secreted by goblet cells, which traps bacteria and mucus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

bronchus

A

smaller supporting rings of cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs-main exchange of body.
contains thin layer of flattened epthellium-same elastic collagen, and fibres.
allows to strech,a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

bronchioles

A

no cartilage, only smooth muscle.
smooth muscle contracts-close up.
smooth muscle relaxes-opens up.
has a layer of flattened epthellium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

adaptations of alveoli

A

large surface area
thin lyaers
good blood supply
good ventillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is lungs ventiallated

A

ribcages have semi rigid case, so pressure is reduced.
diaphragm is broad doomed sheet of muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

inspiration of lungsm

A

diaphgram contracts, and external intermolecular muscles contract, move up and outwards .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

exhalation of lungs

A

diaphgram relaxes, and external muscles relaxes, so moves down and inwards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

tidal volime

A

air moving in rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

inspiratory reserve vol

A

max air taken in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
expiratory reserve vol
amount of air released after normal breath.
26
vital capacity
max amount of air inhaled and exhaled.
27
total lung capacity
total of vital and residual capacity.
28
residual volime
left after exhaled.
29
ventillation rate
tidal rate x breathing rate.
30
insects ventillation
little gas exchange. open circilatory-o2 is not transported in blood trachea to move through pores.
31
spircales
pores, where thorac open and closes, this is to reduce water loss.
32
air sacs in tracheal system
sections of tracheal have flexible walls, where these act as air sacs, so are squeezed by flight muscles. these expand and contract, which is the ventilation of tracheal system.
33
altering thorax volume
wing movement alters thorax vol. vol decreases-tracheal increases-air pushed out. vol increases-tracheal pressure decreases-air pushed in
34
breathing movements
vol of abodmen is affected by breathing. abodmen expands-front spircales open abodmen contracts=rear spircales open. air flows from front to rear.
35
fish
have small sav impermable surfaces, water denser then air. so lower o2 levels
36
impermable surfaces?
gas cannot diffuse
37
gills
mantain flow in one directon. large surface area good blood supply thin layers.
38
structure of gills
each gill has 2 stack of filament, has rows of lamelle.
39
lamelle
single layer of cells
40
countercurrent exchange
water and blood flow in opposite directions, where cocnentration gradient of o2 is mantained, so o2 is higher in water then in blood
41
ventillation in fish
1)fish opens mouth 2)buccal cavity is lowered 3)operculum is closed 4)vol of buccal cavity decreases, and pressure in cavity increases, so water is sucked into the cavity 5)fish closes mouth 6)buccal cavity raise. 7)water is forced out operculum as pressure causes it to open
42
hearts consist of
two types of systems
43
open
few vessels pumped from heart to body cavity contains haemocoel direct contact returns to heart through open vessels insect blood has no o2 or co2, as it transports food, waste, cells.
44
closed
blood is in blood vessels heart pumps blood around body under pressure, quickly returns to heart. substances leave/enter through blood vessels blood vessel size changes.
45
single circulatory
blood travels once through heart and complete circulation of body. first exchanges o2 and co2, and then between the cells.
46
double circulatory
blood travels through twice,, from heart to lungs, (picking up o2 and dropping co2) then goes to cells.
47
arteries
carry blood away from heart. carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary-blood from heart to lungs to umbiccal aertery, carrying deoxgenerated blood to plancenta. high pressure walls are collagen, elastic fibres, smooth muscle-stand force of blood
48
areterolies
link arteries and capillaries more smooth muscle, and less elastin. contracts/dilates for blood flow. vasoconstriction, and vasodilation
49
vasoconstriction
smooth muscle contracts, constricts vessel, prevents blood flow
50
vasodilayion
smooth muscle relaxes, and allows bloo flow
51
capilaries
small lumen large surface area one cell thick
52
veins
blood away from heart under low presurre wide lumen smooth lining-endothelium-easy blood flow valves-prevent backflow no pulse
53
venulles
link capillaries with vein thin walls with little smooth muscle and large lumen several form a vein
54
blood
plasma-glucose, aamino acids, ions, hormones. platelets-clotting white blood cells transports o2 and co2 chemical messenger platelets to damaged areas.
55
tissue fluid
forced out of blood at aterial end. returns to venrous end,
56
tissue fluid formation
forced out of artial end, returns to venrous end.
57
what happens at ateriole end?
plasma proteins are hydrophilloc, so water potential of blood plasma is lower, so water moves back by osmosis. higher hydrostatic, so it is pushed out of cells.
58
hydrostatic pressure
blood passes through artery, and pressure is known as hydrostatic.
59
what happens at venous end?
hydrostatic lower, as water is leaving, so oncatic iuncreases, due to plasma proteins. water and tissue fluid is moving back.
60
lymph
tissue fluid drains into here. contains less o2 and nutrients. has fatty acids.
61
human heart
consists of 2 pumps, where deoxgenated blood flows from right to lumgs, then pumped to left side, where goes to all of the body. surrounded by inelastic membranes
62
atria
thin muscle walls, due to low presusre.
63
right ventricle
thicker then atria blood from heart to lunhgs. alevoli is delicate,
64
why is alveoli delicate?
as can be damaged from the high blood pressure
65
left ventricle
muscle wall thicker blood pumped to all of body from aorta
66
sequence of heart
blood enters vena cava blood fills right atrium. AV valve opens and goes to ventricles right ventricle contracts, SL valve opens goes to pulmonary artery, then lungs. then goes to AV valves, which opens to allow to ventricles. left side goes to aorta, then to body.
67
diastole
relax of heart.
68
systeole
contraction of heart.
69
AV
lub
70
SL
dub
71
vena cava
deoxygenated blood from body to right atrium.
72
pulamory vein
Oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium.
73
pulamory artery
deoxygenated blood from right ventricles to lungs.
74
aorta
oxgenated blood from left ventricle to rest of body.
75
valves
open-pressure higher behind close-pressure higher infront.
76
heart features
myogenic. does not fatigue, unless o2 is not available.
77
myogenic
contracts and relaxes without nervous or hormones prevents body wasting resources.
78
monitored by wave of excitement
1)wall of right atrium, contains SAN. this initiates heartbeat by wave of excitement, atria contracts. 2)band of fibres between atria and ventricles-wave passes to wall of ventricles this wave picked by AVN, goes to bundle of HIS. this conducts wave to purkyne fibres.
79
purkyne fibres.
both sides of ventricles, which allows contraction of both.
80
ECG
monitors electrical activity involves placing electrodes to measure.
81
transport of o2
is transported in red blood cells
82
sturcutre of red blood cells
biconcave shape, so large surface area. this helps to pass through narrow capillaries. has hemoglobin, red pigment=carries o2.
83
blood is a large globular conjugated protein
4 peptides with haem fe2+
84
carrying o2
o2 levels are low. steep concentration and air in, moves in and binds to Hb. changes shape so other o2 can also bind. this is positive, as o2 is mantained, until all the Hb is saturated.
85
when blood reaches body tissue
concentration of o2 in cytoplasm is lowered, so o2 moves out, so, Hb changes shape, so it easier to remove other.
86
oxygen dissociation curve.
blood carries and releases o2. percentage saturation plotted against po2. shows affinity(how easily binds) of haemglobin
87
small change in parital pressure of o2
signifgance difference of haeglobin and o2, as one added, changes shapes, so added quickly. m
88
loaded with o2
small drop in o2, releases rapidly to go to cells
89
bohr effect
partial pressure of co2 increases haemglobin given oygen is quicker. this results in active tissue, meaning higher co2. in lungs, where co2 is low, so o2 binds quicker.
90
fetal haemglobin
oxgenated blood from mother is close to deoxgenated blood, as mother and fetus have same blood, so no o2 goes to fetus. this is why have a higher affinity, as removes o2 from maternal.
91
transporting co2
dissolved in plasma combined with aamino acids hco3.
92
respiring tissue
co2 diffuses to rbc, and pco2 is high. carbonic ahydrases, reacts co2 and h2o to form h2co3. small amount binds to haemglobin carbonic acid, h+ and hc03- lowering of ph causes o2 to dissociate, and binds to h+ hc03 diffuses to plasm,and cl- comes in to balance.
93
alveoli
pco2 is low hco3- and h+ combine to form carbonic acid chloride shift reverse, so cl goes to plasma and hc03 to rbc. carbonic acids forms co2 and h2o co2 goes to alveoli o2 goes to haemglobin.

AS Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions