module 4-communicable diseases

Question 1

communicable diseases

Answer 1

caused by bacteria
viruses
protists
fungi

Question 2

bacteria

Answer 2

has cell walls.
gram positive=purple blue
gram negative=red

Question 3

pathogens

Answer 3

damage host cells.
viruses-take over cell metabolism.
fungi-damage cell.

produces toxins, and provide damage to host cells.

Question 4

plant diseases

Answer 4

ringrot, toabic moasic virus, potato blight, black sigatoka,

Question 5

ring rot

Answer 5

bacterial disease of potatoes, tomatoes, and caused by bacterium,
damages leaves, fruits.

Question 6

tobaic moasic virus

Answer 6

infects plants and other species.
no cure.

Question 7

potato blight

Answer 7

fungus like proticist.
no cure.

Question 8

black sigatoka

Answer 8

banana disease caused by fungus.
cause reduction in yield.

Question 9

animal diseases

Answer 9

TB, bacterial meningitis, HIV, influenza, malaria, ringworm, atheles foot.

Question 10

TB

Answer 10

bacterial diseases
damages lung tissue
suppresses immune system

Question 11

bacterial megingitis

Answer 11

bacterial infection affecting membrane of brain. if spread to rest of body, can cause blood poisoning and sudden death.
CURED-if antibiotics given in good time

Question 12

HIV/aids

Answer 12

target T helper cells in immume system, by destroying it,
passed through body fluids.
no vaacine and cure.

Question 13

influenza

Answer 13

viral infection of cells in gas exhcange, by killing cells, can lead to secondary infection.
can be vetal.
has 3 streps.

Question 14

malaria

Answer 14

caused by protcista, has complex life cycle
invades red blood cells, liver and brain.

Question 15

ringworm

Answer 15

fungal disease affecting mammals, dogs, causes circular areas of skin

Question 16

direct transmission-animals

Answer 16

direct contact
inoculation-breaking in skin
indigestion

Question 17

indirect transmission-animals

Answer 17

bedding, socking
droplets
vectors-transmit via hosts

Question 18

factors affecting transmission

Answer 18

overcrowding
poor nutrition
poor disposal of waste.

Question 19

direct transmission-plants

Answer 19

direct contact

Question 20

indirect transmission-plants

Answer 20

soil contamination
vectors, wind water animalsp

Question 21

plants defence against pathogens-recongising an attack

Answer 21

1)receptors in cells respond to molecules.
2)releases signalling molecules, which switch genes in nucleus.
3)starts producing defensive chemicals, sneding signalling and physically strengthen cell wall

Question 22

physical defences of plants

Answer 22

produce high levels of callose, goes between cell walls, and acts as barriers.
lignin added, as mechanical barrier to invasion,
block sieve plates, seal of infected part.
callose-seals of healthy/prevent spreading.

Question 23

non specific animal defences.

Answer 23

keeping pathogen out. skin covers body, so no entrance of pathogens.
lined by mucous membranes, secrete sticky mucus, which traps organisms.
also has lysozymes which destroys fungal and bacteiral cell walls.
lysozyme-acid in stomach

Question 24

blood clotting

Answer 24

enzyme triggering cascade of reactions resulting in blood clots.
make smooth muscle contract, reduces blood.
clot dries, forms tough, hard scab, so epidermal cell grows, which forms a scab slough.

Question 25

inflammory response

Answer 25

mast cells activated, releases histamines and cytokines.

Question 26

histamines

Answer 26

more blood vessels dilate, make red. high yemp=prevents pathogens reproducing, so more blood plasma goes out

Question 27

cytokines

Answer 27

attracts phagocytes, as can get removed by phagocytosis.

Question 28

getting rid of pathogens

Answer 28

fever phagocytosis

Question 29

fever

Answer 29

pathogen invades body cytokines, stimulate hypothalamus. pathogens reproduce best at lower than 37. specific immune system works better at higher temperatures.

Question 30

phagocytosis

Answer 30

phagocytes are specialised white blood cells, they enfulf and destroy pathogens. two types=macrophages, and neutohpills

Question 31

steps of phagocytosis

Answer 31

produce chemical atrracting phagocytes. these recongise non human proteins, and enulfs it to vacuole. FORMS PHAGOSOME. this combines with lysozyme=PHAGOLYSOZYME.

Question 32

Cytokine

Answer 32

cell signalling molecules to inform body if body is under attack.

Question 33

opsonins

Answer 33

chemicals binding to pathogen, so easily recognised by phagocytes.

Question 34

antibodies

Answer 34

y shaped glycoprotein, bind to specific antigen. 2 identical long polypepticide chain, held by disulfide bridges hinge region 2 binding sites.

Question 35

antigen antibody complex

Answer 35

antibody binding to antigen.

Question 36

hinge region

Answer 36

flexability in antibiotics.

Question 37

how antibodies defend body

Answer 37

antibodies act as opsonin, complex is englufed and digested. most pathogens no longer invade. act as aggulutins,

Question 38

aggulutins

Answer 38

pathogens clumping together, so easily engulfed.

Question 39

helper cell

Answer 39

produces interleukins (cytokine), stimulate activty of b cells, more antibiotics,

Question 40

killer cell

Answer 40

destroy pathogen carrying antigen

Question 41

memory cell

Answer 41

live for long life, if meet again, rapidly formed

Question 42

regulator cell

Answer 42

suppress immune system, when pathogen is killed.

Question 43

b lympocytes

Answer 43

plasma=antibodies to antigen effector-divide to form clones of plasma memeoryc

Question 44

cell mediated immunity

Answer 44

cells changing in a way, mutation or inside cell ext. 1)macrophage engulf/digest pathogens 2)receptors in t helper cell fit antigen, produce interlukins, more cells produced by mitsosi, these van develop to t cell memory, or interleukins for phagocytisis.

Question 45

humoral immunity

Answer 45

outside cell 1)activated t cell bind to cell. clonal selection meetx correct t cell 2)interleukins activates b cell, divided by mitosis to give clones-CLONAL EXPANSION 3)produce antibodies =disable them =act as opsonins/aggulations some b cells become memory=secondary immume

Question 46

autoimmume disease

Answer 46

immume system attacking healthy tissue type 1 diabetes arthisis lupus

Question 47

natural active

Answer 47

infection with pathogen

Question 48

natural passive

Answer 48

antibodies from mum

Question 49

artificial active

Answer 49

vaacination

Question 50

artificial passive

Answer 50

injecting antibodies.