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Biology > Module 3.2 Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Module 3.2 Transport in Animals Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need transport systems? (2)

A
  • Low surface area to volume ratio
  • Higher metabolic rate
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2
Q

Single circulatory system? (1)

A
  • Blood passes through heart once
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3
Q

Double circulatory system? (1)

A
  • Blood passes through heart twice
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4
Q

Fish? (1)

A
  • Heart pumps blood to gills to pick up O2 then through the rest of the body to deliver O2
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5
Q

Right side of heart pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen? (2)

A
  • Blood travels from lungs to left side of heart which pumps it to rest of the body
  • Blood returns to heart and enters from right side again
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6
Q

Closed circulatory systems? (1)

A
  • Blood is enclosed inside blood vessels
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7
Q

Open circulatory system? (3)

A
  • Blood isn’t enclosed in blood vessels
  • Blood flows freely through the body cavity
  • Heart is segmented
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8
Q

Body cavity? (4)

A
  • Heart contracts in a wave and pumps the blood into single main artery
  • Artery opens up into the body cavity
  • Blood flows around insect’s organs
  • Blood makes its way back into the heart segments through a series of valves
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9
Q

Arteries? (3)

A
  • Thick walls - tunica adventitia, tunica media & tunica intima
  • Narrow lumen helps maintain high blood pressure
  • Pulse present
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10
Q

Tunica intima? (1)

A
  • Made of endothelial, connective tissue and elastic fibres layers
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11
Q

Endothelium? (4)

A
  • One cell thick
  • Lines lumen of all blood vessels
  • Smooth
  • Reduces friction for free blood flow
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12
Q

Tunica media? (1)

A
  • Made of smooth muscle cells and a thick layer of elastic tissue
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13
Q

Muscle cells? (2)

A
  • Strengthen the arteries to withstand high pressure
  • Contract and narrow the lumen for reduced blood flow
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14
Q

Elastic tissue? (2)

A
  • Helps to maintain blood pressure in the arteries
  • Stretches and recoils to even out any fluctuations in pressure
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15
Q

Tunica adventitia? (2)

A
  • Covers the exterior of the artery
  • Made up of collagen
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16
Q

Collagen? (1)

A
  • Strong protein that protects blood vessels from damage by over-stretching
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17
Q

Pulmonary arteries? (1)

A
  • Carry deoxygenated blood to lungs
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18
Q

Arterioles? (3)

A
  • Muscular layer
  • Has a lower proportion of elastic fibres than arteries
  • Has a larger proportion of muscle cells than arteries
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19
Q

Capillaries? (3)

A
  • Substances are exchanged between cells and capillaries
  • Walls are only one cell thick
  • Connect to venules
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20
Q

Venules? (3)

A
  • Thin walls that
  • Contain some muscle cells
  • Venules join together to form veins
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21
Q

Veins? (6)

A
  • Take blood back to the heart
  • Under low pressure
  • Wide lumen than equivalent arteries
  • Little elastic tissue
  • Little muscle tissue
  • Has valves to prevent backflow
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22
Q

How does blood flow through the veins? (1)

A
  • By contraction of the body muscles surrounding them
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23
Q

Pulmonary vein? (1)

A
  • Carries oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs
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24
Q

How is tissue fluid formed? (4)

A
  • At the arteriole end of capillary hydrostatic pressure > oncotic pressure
  • Net movement out of capillary forming tissue fluid
  • At venule end of capillary oncotic pressure > hydrostatic pressure
  • Net movement in of tissue fluid in
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25
How is oncotic pressure generated? (2)
- Plasma proteins lowers water potential at venule end of capillary - Water moves into capillary via osmosis
26
What happens to excess tissue fluid? (1)
- Eventually returns to blood through lymphatic system
27
Lymph capillaries? (1)
- Smallest lymph vessels
28
Lymph? (1)
- Once tissue fluid enters lymph vessels it becomes lymph
29
How does the lymphatic system work? (4)
- Excess tissue fluid passes into lymph vessels - Valves in the lymph vessels prevent backflow - Lymph moves towards the main lymph vessels in thorax - Returns to the blood near the heart
30
Contents of blood? (6)
- RBCs - WBCs - Platelets - Proteins - Water - Dissolved solutes
31
Contents of tissue fluid? (3)
- Very few WBCs and proteins - Water - Dissolved solutes
32
Contents of lymph? (4)
- WBCs - Antibody proteins - Water - Dissolved solutes
33
Heart pumps? (2)
- Right side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs - Left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of body
34
Valves? (1)
- Stop blood flowing the wrong way
35
Atrioventricular valves? (1)
- Link atria to ventricles
36
Semilunar valves? (1)
- Link ventricles to pulmonary artery and aorta
37
How do valves work? (4)
- Valves only open one way - Whether they're open or closed depends on relative pressure of heart chambers - Higher pressure behind valve forces it open - Higher pressure in front valve forces it shut
38
Cardiac cycle - atrial contraction? (4)
- Ventricles relax - Atria contract - volume decreases and pressure increased - Blood pushed into ventricles through atrioventricular valves - Atria relax
39
Cardiac cycle - ventricular contraction? (4)
- Ventricles contract - volume decreases and pressure increased - Atrioventricular valves shut - Semilunar valves open - Blood pushed out into the pulmonary artery and aorta
40
Cardiac cycle - relaxation? (8)
- Both atria and ventricles are relaxed - Semilunar valves to close - Atria fill with blood due to the higher pressure in the vena cava and pulmonary vein - Ventricles continue to relax - Ventricular pressure falls below the atrial pressure - Atrioventricular valves open - Blood flows passively into the ventricles from the atria - Atria contract and cycle begins again
41
Cardiac output? (1)
- Heart rate x stroke volume
42
Heart rate? (1)
- Number of beats per minute (bpm)
43
Stroke volume? (1)
- Volume of blood pumped during each heartbeat in cm³
44
Myogenic? (1)
- Cardiac muscle can contract and relax without nervous signals
45
Sino-atrial node (SAN)? (4)
- Is in the wall of the right atrium - Pacemaker - sets rhythm of heartbeat - Sends out regular waves of electrical activity to atrial walls - Signal causes the right and left atria to contract at same time
46
Atrioventricular node (AVN)? (3)
- Electrical activity waves are transferred from SAN to AVN - Band of non-conducting collagen tissue prevents waves from being passed directly to ventricles - Responsible for passing waves to bundle of His
47
Why is there a slight delay between AVN and the bundle of His? (1)
- Make sure ventricles contract after the atria have emptied
48
Bundle of His? (1)
- Group of muscle fibres responsible for conducting the waves of electrical activity to Purkyne tissue
49
Purkyne tissue? (2)
- Carries waves into muscular walls of right and left ventricles causing them to contract at same time - Contraction happens from the bottom up
50
Electrocardiograph? (2)
- Records electrical activity of the heart - Records changes in electrical charge using electrodes placed on the chest
51
Depolarisation and repolarisation? (2)
- Depolarisation: losing electrical charge - Repolarisation: regaining electrical charge
52
Electrocardiogram (ECG)? (1)
- The trace produced by an electrocardiograph
53
P wave? (1)
- Is caused by contraction (depolarisation) of the atria
54
QRS complex? (2)
- The main peak of the heartbeat - Is caused by contraction (depolarisation) of the ventricles
55
T wave? (1)
- Is caused by relaxation (repolarisation) of the ventricles
56
The height of the wave? (3)
- Indicates how much electrical charge is passing through the heart - Bigger wave = more electrical charge - A bigger P & R wave = a stronger contraction
57
Tachycardia? (2)
- Heartbeat is fast - Heartbeat around 120 beats per minute
58
Bradycardia? (2)
- Heartbeat is slow - Heartbeat below 60 beats per minutes
59
Ectopic heartbeat? (4)
- An extra' heartbeat - Caused by earlier contraction of atria than in the previous heartbeats - P wave comes earlier than it should - Can be caused by early contraction of ventricles
60
Fibrillation? (3)
- Irregular heartbeat - Atria or ventricles completely lose their rhythm and stop contracting properly - Can result in chest pain and fainting to lack of pulse
61
Haemoglobin? (4)
- Protein with quaternary structure - Red blood cells contain haemoglobin (Hb) - Has a haem group which contains iron and gives haemoglobin its red colour - Has a high affinity for oxygen - can carry four oxygen molecules
62
Oxyhaemoglobin? (3)
- In the lungs oxygen joins to the iron in haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin - Reversible reaction - Haemoglobin + oxygen → oxyhaemoglobin (Hb + 4O2 → HbO8)
63
What does Hb saturation depend on? (1)
- The partial pressure of oxygen
64
What is the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) measure of? (2)
- Oxygen concentration - The greater the concentration of dissolved oxygen in cells = the higher the partial pressure
65
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) measure of? (1)
- CO2 concentration
66
Hb’s affinity for oxygen? (2)
- High affinity at high pO2 - Low affinity at low pO2
67
Cycle of Hb? (5)
- Oxygen enters blood capillaries at alveoli - Alveoli have a high pO2 - When cells respire & O2 is used up = pO2 is low - RBCs carry oxyhaemoglobin and unloads O2 for repairing cells - Hb then returns to lungs to pick up more oxygen
68
Interpreting dissociation curves? (3)
- Graph is S-shaped - Curve is steep in the middle - this is where O2 binds readily to Hb - Shallow at the end - this is where O2 binds less readily to Hb
69
Hb saturation? (2)
- Hb combines with first O2 molecule Hb’s shape alters to make it easier for O2 molecules to join - As Hb starts to become saturated, it gets harder for more oxygen molecules to join
70
Why does foetal Hb have a higher affinity to O2 than adult Hb? (4)
- Foetus gets oxygen from its mother's blood across the placenta - O2 saturation of mum’s blood would have decreased by the time it reached the placenta - For foetus to get enough O2 it Hb has to have a higher affinity for oxygen at the same pO2 as an adult - If foetal Hb had the same affinity for O2 as adult Hb its blood wouldn't be saturated enough
71
How does pCO2 affect O2 unloading? (3)
- Hb gives up O2 more readily at higher pCO2 - When cells respire they produce CO2 which raises the pCO2 - This increased the rate of O2 unloading
72
What is the biochemistry behind CO2 affecting O2 unloading? (5)
- ~ 10% CO2 binds to Hb & is carried to the lungs - Most of CO2 from respiring tissues diffuses into RBCs - CO2 + H2O → Carbonic acid (catalysed by enzyme carbonic anhydrase) - Carbonic acid dissociates → H+ + HCO- (hydrogen carbonate ions) - Increase in H+ causes oxyhaemoglobin to unload O2
73
How are the effects of H+ and HCO- on blood pH reduced? (5)
- Hb + H+ → haemoglobinic acid - Making haemoglobinic acid stops the hydrogen ions from increasing the cell's acidity - HCO- diffuse out of RBCs & are transported in plasma - Cl- enters to compensate HCO- loss (chloride shift) - Chloride shift maintains the balance of charge between the red blood cell and the plasma
74
How is CO2 breathed out? (3)
- Blood reaches lungs - The low pCO causes HCO- + H+ ions to recombine into CO2 + H2O - The CO2 then diffuses into the alveoli and is breathed out
75
Bohr effect? (2)
- When CO2 levels increase = dissociation curve shifts right - Shows more oxygen is released from the blood

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