Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Module 5.3 - Animal Responses > Flashcards

Module 5.3 - Animal Responses Flashcards

(78 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the role of the Mammalian Nervous System? (4)

A
  • Detects changes in environment
  • Allows for cell signalling between all parts of the body
  • Coordinates effectors
  • Deals with rapid responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two structural systems of the nervous system (2)

A
  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the role of the CNS? (1)

A
  • To coordinate responses to stimuli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the CNS composed of? (2)

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the brain composed of? (1)

A
  • Non-myelinated relay neuron (grey matter)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the spinal cord composed of? (3)

A
  • Non-myelinated relay neuron (grey matter)
  • Outer region of myelinated neurons (white matter)
  • Vertebral column
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the white matter do? (1)

A
  • Carries action potential up and down spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the structures of the brain? (5)

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Cerebrum
  • Pituitary Gland
  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Cerebellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hypothalamus? (4)

A
  • Involved in negative feedback
  • Found beneath the middle part of the brain
  • Maintains body temperature
  • Produces hormones that control the pituitary gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cerebrum? (4)

A
  • Largest part of the brain
  • Involved in vision, hearing, learning and thinking
  • Consists of two cerebral hemispheres connected via corpus callosum
  • Cerebral cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the corpus callosum? (1)

A
  • Major tracts of neurones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the cerebral cortex? (3)

A
  • Thin outer layer of nerve bodies
  • Highly folded
  • Has three subdivisions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three cerebral cortex subdivisions? (3)

A
  • Sensory areas
  • Association areas
  • Motor areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the sensory areas? (2)

A
  • Receives action potential from sensory receptors
  • Size of region is relative to the sensitivity of area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the association areas? (1)

A
  • Compares sensory input with previous inputs to interpret signals and select responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the motor areas? (3)

A
  • Sends action potential to various effectors
  • Size is relative to the complexity of movement
  • Left side of brain controls right side of body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pituitary gland? (4)

A
  • Found beneath the hypothalamus
  • Controlled by the hypothalamus
  • It releases hormones and stimulates other glands
  • Consists of two lobes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland? (2)

A
  • Anterior gland
  • Posterior gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of the anterior gland? (1)

A
  • Produces its own hormones in response to stress, growth and reproduction factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the role of the posterior gland? (2)

A
  • Produces specialised neurosecretory cells
  • e.g. ADH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Medulla Oblongata? (5)

A
  • At the base of the brain
  • Controls autonomic nervous system
  • Controls non-skeletal muscles
  • Controls cardiac, vasomotor and respiratory centres
  • Automatically controls breathing and heart rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cerebellum? (3)

A
  • Coordinates muscles, balances and posture
  • Receives information from sensory receptors and processes them
  • Cerebellar cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the role of the cerebellar cortex? (3)

A
  • Involved in conscious decision to contract voluntary muscles
  • Judges position of objects and limbs
  • Generates slight tension for using instruments and tools
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pons? (1)

A
  • Connects cerebrum and cerebellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Reflex actions? (2)
- Reflex actions do not require processing in the brain before coordination takes place - Any impulse sent through a relay neurone can be overridden
26
How can impulses sent through a relay neurone be overridden? (1)
- Myelinated neurone gets to CNS before non-myelinated relay neurone
27
Knee jerk reflex? (4)
- Reflex to straighten your leg to help maintain posture and balance - Stretch receptors in quadriceps muscles detects muscle being stretched - Nerve impulses passes through sensory neuron to motor neuron through spinal cord - Motor neuron sends impulse to effector in quadriceps muscle causing it to contract
28
Blinking reflex? (4)
- Reflex to close your eyes to prevent damage - Sensory nerve ending in cornea is stimulated - Nerve impulses passes through sensory neuron to relay neuron in CNS - Motor neuron sends impulse to effector in orbicularis oculi muscles causing it to contract
29
What are the physiological changes that occur in response to the "fight or flight response"? (9)
- Pupil dilate - Heart rate and blood pressure increases - Vasoconstriction of digestive system - Vasodilation of muscles in liver - Increase in blood glucose - Metabolic rate increases - Erector pili muscles in skin contrast - Ventilation rate & depth increases - Endorphins released in the brain
30
Physiological changes: pupils dilate (2)
- Allows more light to enter eyes - Retina becomes more sensitive
31
Physiological changes: heart rate and blood pressure increase (1)
- Allows more oxygen and glucose to be delivered to responding effectors and to remove CO2 & toxins
32
Physiological changes: vasoconstriction of digestive system & vasodilation of muscles in liver (1)
- Diverts blood flow away from metabolism to muscles to prepare for fight or flight response
33
Physiological changes: increase in blood glucose (1)
- Supplies energy for muscular contraction
34
Physiological changes: metabolic rate increases (1)
- Converts glucose to create forms of energy such as ATP
35
Physiological changes: erector pili muscles in skin contract (2)
- Hairs stand up - Sign of aggression
36
Physiological changes: ventilation rate & depth increases (3)
- Increase in gas exchange - More oxygen is respired - More toxins removed
37
Physiological changes: endorphins released in the brain (2)
- Wounds inflicted in the fight or flight response do not prevent activity - Decreases sensitivity to injuries
38
How does the sympathetic nervous system response to a potential threat? (5)
- Signals sent from hypothalamus are sent to the adrenal medulla - Adrenaline is released - Adrenaline binds to cells such as G-proteins which stimulates adenyl cyclase to converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP) - cAMP activates enzyme action - Different cell have difference responses
39
What are the effects of the adrenaline? (4)
- Increases heart rate - Stimulates glycogenolysis - Vasoconstriction of digestive system & vasodilation of muscles in liver - Erector pili muscles contract
40
What are the two trophic hormones released from the anterior pituitary? (2)
- Corticotropin releasing hormones (CRH) - Thyrotropin (TRH)
41
What is the role of CRH? (2)
- Stimulates the release ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic) - Increases the rate of metabolism
42
What is the role of TRH? (2)
- Stimulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - Increases the releases of thyroxine which increases the rate of metabolism
43
How is the pace of the heart rate controlled? (3)
- Pace altered by cardiovascular centre in medulla oblongata - Atrial & ventricle are controlled by SAN - Myogenic
44
What is the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in altering the frequency of contractions? (2)
- Sympathetic nerve (accelerants) increases heart rate - Parasympathetic nerve (vagus) decreases heart rate
45
How is the nervous system involved in controlling the heart rate? (3)
- Stimuli is detected by baroreceptors and chemoreceptors - Impulses are sent to the medulla through the nerves which secretes neurotransmitters which binds to receptors on the SAN - SAN which controls the contractions of the heart will alter the pace the heart rate
46
What are the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors? (2)
- Baroreceptors are stretch/pressure receptors & detects changes in blood pressure - Chemoreceptors are chemical receptors & detect changes in O2 levels
47
What are the nerves that impulses are sent through to reach the medulla and what are their roles? (2)
- Accelerant nerve = secretes noradrenaline - Vagus nerve = secretes acetylcholine
48
How do the neurotransmitters affect the SAN? (2)
- Noradrenaline increases heart rate - Acetylcholine decreases heart rate
49
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system? (2)
- Increases heart rate - Dilates pupils
50
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system? (4)
- Decreases heart rate - Constricts pupils - Lowers ventilation rate - Increases digestion
51
What are the differences between the sympathetic (S) and parasympathetic (P) nervous system? (6)
- S has many neurones whilst P has a few - In S ganglia is positioned outside the CNS whilst in P it is within effector tissue - In S the preganglionic neuron is short whilst in P it is long - In S the postganglionic neuron is long whilst in P it is short - S use noradrenaline whilst P use acetylcholine - S increases activity whilst P decreases it
52
What are the structures of skeletal muscles? (8)
- Compromised of large bundles of long cells called muscles fibres - Sarcolemma cell membrane - Sarcoplasm cytoplasm - Transverse (T) tubules - Sarcoplasmic reticulum - Lots of mitochondria - Multinucleate - Myofibrils
53
What are T tubules? (2)
- Bits of sarcolemma that fold inwards and stick to the sarcoplasm - They help spread electrical impulses across all parts of muscle fibre
54
What is sarcoplasmic reticulum? (2)
- Internal membranes - Store and release calcium ions
55
What are myofibrils? (3)
- Long cylindrical organelles - Specialised for contraction - Consists of two filaments
56
What are the two filaments of myofibrils? (2)
- Thick myosin filaments - Thin actin filaments
57
Thick myosin filaments? (2)
- Made of myosin - Dark bands under microscope
58
Thin actin filaments? (2)
- Made of actin - Light bands under microscope
59
What do myofibrils look under a microscope? (4)
- Short units called sarcomeres - Ends of sarcomere is Z-line - Middle of sarcomere is M-line - Around M-line is H-zone which only contains myosin fibres
60
What is the Sliding Filament Theory? (3)
- Myosin and actin filaments slide over each other to make the sarcomere contract - Simultaneous contraction of many sarcomeres = myofibrils and muscle fibres contract - Sarcomeres shorten in length
61
Myosin filaments? (2)
- They have globular heads that are hinged to move back and forth - Myosin heads have binding sites for actin and ATP
62
Actin filaments? (2)
- Actin-myosin binding sites for myosin heads - Tropomyosin and troponin are between actin filaments
63
Tropomyosin and troponin proteins? (2)
- Proteins that are attached to each other in actin filaments - Help myofilaments move past each other
64
Role of tropomyosin? (2)
- When resting Actin-myosin binding site is blocked by tropomyosin - Myofilaments can't slide past each other as myosin head can't bind to actin filaments
65
How is muscle contraction triggered? (2)
- Action potential - Triggers influx of Ca2+
66
What are the steps in muscle contraction? (9)
- Sarcolemma depolarises - T tubule depolarises - Sarcoplasmic reticulum depolarises - Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases stored Ca2+ - Ca2+ bind to troponin and changes its shape - Troponin pulls tropomyosin out of actin-myosin binding site - Myosin head binds to actin-myosin binding site and cross bridge forms - Myosin head pulls actin filament in a rowing motion - Myosin head reattaches to different binding site and cycle repeats
67
Role of Ca2+ in muscle contraction: (3)
- Ca2+ bind to troponin to change its shape - Ca2+ activate ATPase which breaks down ATP to provide energy - Cycle will continue as long as Ca2+ are present
68
Role of ATP in muscle contraction: (2)
- ATP moves myosin head and pulls actin filament along in a rowing motion - ATP breaks the cross bridge and detaches myosin head from actin-myosin binding site
69
How is ATP synthesised? (3)
- Aerobic respiration - Anaerobic respiration - ATP-Creatine Phosphate (CP) System
70
Aerobic respiration for ATP synthesis: (2)
- Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria - Good for long periods of low intensity exercise
71
Anaerobic respiration for ATP synthesis: (5)
- Glycolysis - End product is pyruvate - Pyruvate --> lactate - Lactate build-up = muscle fatigue - Good for short periods of hard exercise
72
ATP-Creatine Phosphate (CP) System for ATP synthesis: (7)
- Phosphorylating ADP - ADP + CP = ATP + Creatine - CP is stored in cells and generate ATP quickly - CP runs our after a few seconds - Good for short bursts of vigorous exercise - Anaerobic - Alactic
73
What are the neuromuscular junctions? (2)
- Synapses between neurones and muscles - Uses acetylcholine which bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors
74
Type of muscles: (3)
- Skeletal - Involuntary - Cardiac
75
Voluntary/Skeletal muscle? (6)
- Controlled consciously - Many muscle fibres - Many nuclei - Has cross-striation - Some contract quickly for speed and strength but fatigue quickly - Some contract slowly for endurance and posture and fatigue slowly
76
Involuntary/Smooth muscle? (7)
- Unconsciously controlled - No striped appearance - Found in walls of hollow internal organs - Contract for peristalsis - One nucleus - Spindle-shaped - Contract slowly and don't fatigue
77
Cardiac muscles? (8)
- Myogenic - Found in walls of heart - Made of muscle fibres connected by intercalated discs - Low electrical resistance - Branched for spread of nerve impulse quickly - One nucleus - Some cross-striation - Contract rhythmically and don't fatigue
78
What is an electromyography? (3)
- Attached electrodes to three muscles, one control - Electrical signals detected by electrodes - Generated reading is called electromyogram

Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions