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ANBI 110 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Animal Domestication Definition

A

population of a living organism is genetically changed over generations to benefit humans (for food, work, clothing, medicine)

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2
Q

How many of suitable sized animals were domesticated

A

14/145

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3
Q

Wild degree of domestication

A

Untamed

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4
Q

Tamed degree of domestication

A

useful state

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5
Q

Semi-domesticated degree of domestication

A

Sill express some wild traits, may be slightly dependent on humans

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6
Q

Domesticated degree of domestication

A

selected through human management and adapted over generations

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7
Q

How are Adrenal glands adapted by domestication?

A

Less hormone produced= more tame

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8
Q

How to melanocytes change with domestication?

A

Coat colour is impacted

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9
Q

How do Chondrocytes change with domestication?

A

Reduction in skull size

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10
Q

How do odontocytes change with domestication?

A

reduced number of teeth

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11
Q

Steps to evolution by natural selection

A
  • population of a species has variation
  • some variations are more favourable
  • more offspring are produced than survive
  • those with favourable traits produce more surviving offspring
  • favourable trait becomes fixed over time
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12
Q

Natural selection has ___ selection pressure
_______ years

A

low selection pressure
60 million years

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13
Q

steps to evolution by artificial selection

A
  • population of a domestic species has variation
  • humans prefer some variations
  • only individuals with desired traits are allowed to reproduce
  • breeding stock becomes dominated by trait
  • species will change over time so objective is reached
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14
Q

Artificial selection has a _______ selection pressure

A

high

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15
Q

First domestication species and age

A

wolf
20,000-40,000 years ago

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16
Q

Difference between a hypothesis and a theory

A

hypothesis is a proposed explanation based on limited evidence as a starting point
theory is a well confirmed explanation

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17
Q

Russian fox experiment

A

belyaev selected foxed based on temperament (extremely, moderately, fearful, or quiet) to simulate how wolves turned to dogs
criteria: flight threshold, tamest 10% for breeding stock

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18
Q

Russian fox experiment results

A

after 40 yrs and 35-40 generations of foxes, 70-80% allow for petting and are considered tame

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19
Q

Morphological associated changes

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A

shorter, wider skulls (overall smaller)
some lines had biannual estrus
floppy ears, curly tails, piebald coats
changes in pattern of neonatal development

20
Q

7 changes in domesticated species

Study These Flashcards
A
  • increase tameness
  • decrease brain size
  • floppy ears
  • shorter muzzle
  • decreased tooth size
  • coat colour change
  • more frequent estrus cycle
21
Q

What is tameness

Study These Flashcards
A

Reduction in release of stress hormones
- reduced fight or flight
- decreased reactivity in new situations

22
Q

What are the long term and short term stress hormones? where are they produced

Study These Flashcards
A

long term: Glucocorticoids-cortisol
short term: Catecholamines-epinephrine and norepinephrine
produced in adrenal gland (top of kidney)

23
Q

what do glucocorticoids do?

Study These Flashcards
A

regulate duration of neonatal development

24
Q

What do catecholamines do?

Study These Flashcards
A

trigger acute stress such as fight/flight

25
Development of neutral crest
- neutral groove - neutral tube - neutral crest cells migrate
26
Neutral crest hypothesis
domestication = decrease in size of neutral crest cells population of cells reduced changes in morphology
27
How was the wolf domesticated
-wolves that had shorter flight distances could benefit from human food waste -these wolves breed with each other -over time they become domesticated (lower stress hormone, lower neural
28
Co domestication of wolves and humans
humans that were reactive chase animals off
29
Commensal pathway example and explanation
Cat, dog, chicken, llama one species obtains food from the other without harming or benefiting each other PARTNERSHIP
30
Commensal relationship of cats and age
rodent control, spiritual (in egypt) 9000 yrs ago relationship 3000-5000 yrs ago domestication
31
Difference between cat and dog domestication
cats have been more fully selected for genes associated with behaviour and neural crest development
32
Prey pathway example and explaination
Goats, sheep, cattle evolution of hunting to herd to ranching
33
sheep domestication times and years
atleast 3 times in the middle east 11000 yrs ago
34
Struggle with sheep domestication
domesticated for wool production which is unnecessary today. what to do with the wool?
35
Why were sheep chosen for domestication?
eat everything valued in some countries tame in enclosures herd (gregarious) behaviour
36
Goat domestication number of breeds and year
10,000 years ago 300+ breeds
37
Cattle domestication years and duration of domestication
10,000 yrs ago 1000 years to domesticate
38
M bison x F beef =
infertile offspring
39
F bison x M beef =
fertile F infertile M
40
why were ruminants selected
eat what we don't make unproductive farmland into productive grazing land
41
Directed pathway example and explanation
Horse, donkey, camel used for human labour
42
is there a single domestication event in directed pathway?
no, wild kept breeding with tame
43
Horse domestication year
5000 years ago no wild exists today
44
Genetic changes in horse domestication
genes related to fear response cognative/behaviour social learning capability muscle and limb development
45
Selections for productivity (4)
Growth rate (avg daily gain) Milk production (kg per day) Speed Learning and training ability
46
Example of simple dominance in animal breeding
horned vs polled cattle polled gene has become dominant to reduce injury and ease production ability

ANBI 110 (5 decks)

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