Module 5/6 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Extensive Livestock production
A
-minimized inputs
-non confined
-minimal handling
2
Q
Intensive Livestock production
A
-Significant inputs (buildings/equipment)
-Confinement
-Nutrient dense diets
3
Q
What % of the world’s ag land is not suitable for crops
A
65%
4
Q
Sectors of Canadian Beef Production
A
-Cow calf production
-backgrounding/stocker
-feedlot/finishing
-packing
-retail
5
Q
Cow calf production
A
Birth- 5 months
pasture and rangeland
6
Q
Backgrounding/stocker
A
5-8/9 months
Forage/pasture diet
7
Q
Feedlot/Finishing
A
Intensive production
Concentrated diets
8
Q
Packing
A
Primarily feedlot with some pasture
intensive
9
Q
Retail
A
Consumer focus
dictates beef industry
10
Q
Cow
A
Mature female over 3 yrs
11
Q
Heifer
A
Young female less than 3 yrs
12
Q
Bull
A
Sexually mature uncastrated male
13
Q
Steer
A
Castrated male
14
Q
Calf
A
Birth to 5 months of age
15
Q
Canadian Beef cow population
Saskatchewan population
A
3.56 million
1.06 million
16
Q
Breeding length
A
42 d
17
Q
Pregnant and lactating length
A
123 d
18
Q
Dry and pregnant length
A
160 d
19
Q
Post Partum interval length
A
40 d
20
Q
British beef breeds and size
A
Angus
hereford
medium frame
21
Q
Continental beef breeds and size
A
Charolais
Simmental
Limousin
Large frame
22
Q
Hybrid Vigor
A
performance in offspring greater than genetic potential of parents performance
23
Q
Factors to choose breed
A
Climate
feed supply
market demand
personal preference
24
Q
Beef production is an ____ market
A
open
25
Sow
mature female pig
26
Gilt
immature female pig before 2nd pregnancy
27
Boar
Mature male pig
28
Barrow
castrated male pig
29
Piglet
neonatal pig before weaning
30
farrowing
sow giving birth to piglets
31
What percent of canadian pigs are produced in sask
8.5%
32
Canada produces ___% of worlds pork
less than 2%
33
Trend in pork production industry
less farms, more pigs/farm
34
Swine breeding method
almost all AI
35
Swine gestation
3 months 3 weeks 3 days
36
sows wear electronic ear tags to provide
daily feed allowance
37
Average size of swine litter
15 piglets
38
Early piglet immunity
very low
need colostrum in first 6 hours
39
How many teats does a sow have
usually 12
40
Swine weaning age and practices
21 d
abruptly moved to nursery.
41
Grow-finish age
starts at 5 w
housed in large groups
ready for market at 15 weeks
42
Canada is #__ for dairy production worldwide
20
43
Most common dairy breed in canada
Holstein
44
In _-__% there is insufficient calcium causing...
3-10%
Muscle tremors
staggering
lying flat on sides
heart failure
death
45
Colostrum gives ______ immunity
passive
46
Dairy pregnancy length
283 d
47
Dairy lactation length
305 d
48
quota
licence to produce product
49
quota limits
national marketing agency determines production amounts for each province
50
Supply management guarantees ___________ prices
minimum
51
Supply management _____________ tariffs
increases
52
Criticisms of quota
makes product expensive
causes trade issues
barrier of entry to young farmers
53
Beef cattle have __ stomach compartments. the largest is the _____
4
rumen
54
how many countries does canada export beef to
70
55
Specialized canadian beef industry climate
cold dry winter
warm summer
56
Beef cattle weaning age
5/6 months
57
Target average daily gain
1.5-2 lbs/d
58
What nutrients are beef producers concerned with?
energy
protein
mineral
vitamin
water
59
CCIA factors
animal identification
premise identification
animal movement
60
Cattle breeds variation
carcass quality
behaviour
frame size
feed efficiency
61
beef calf sale options
auction mart
internet/video sales
forward contract
feedlot
62
Broiler
meat chicken
63
Layer
egg chicken
64
rooster
male chicken
65
tom
male turkey
66
hen
female turkey/chicken
67
Why is chicken the largest consumed meat worldwide?
less expensive
healthier than red meat
less religious affiliation
68
_____ is the only country in the world that uses supply management for poultry
Canada
69
When was poultry supply management implemented in Can
1972
70
Requirements of supply management
production quota
being a producer
import control
pricing mechanisms
71
Advantages of supply management
steady income
steady supply
better welfare
72
disadvantages of supply management
product is pricier for consumers
producers must buy quota to start in the industry
73
are breeds regulated in Canada?
yes
74
Avian Influenza
viral infection impacting wild and domestic birds
wild can be carriers
can wipe out flocks
75
Broiler enclosed barn features
lighting systems
ventilation system
feeding system and scales
watering system
extensive management
76
Hatchery requirements
technical requirements
optimum temp maintenance
incubators
hatchers
ventillation
isolation
77
what is a poultry grow out farm
feedlot for chickens
large open rooms
control feed and environment
78
Poultry age when ready for market
~35 d
79
how are birds transported to processing
modular crates
80
turn around time of poultry
~8 weeks
81
Chicken feed conversion ratio
1.5 kg feed to 1.0 kg weight gain
82
Onset of lay age
~19 weeks
83
when is maximum rate of lay reached. when is it too low that the birds are retired
32-35 weeks (95%)
72 weeks (65%)
84
average egg production
296 eggs / year
85
by ____ traditional cage system is no longer legal
2032
86
Advantages of traditional cages
reduced agression and canabalism
fewer injuries
87
Disadvantages of traditional cages
restricting movement
reduce enrichment
88
7 market cuts of pork
ribs
belly(bacon)
butt
loin
picnic
ham
carcass
89
__% of Canadas pork is exported
70%
90
CPE (canadian pork excellence) programs
PigSAFE food safety assurance
PigCARE animal care assurance
PigTRACE national swine traceability
91
5 pig breeds and what their good for
Yorkshire- good breeding and FCR
landrace- Good mother, lean carcass
duroc- feed efficient and good carcass
hampshire- NOT USED ANYMORE pale soft drippy pork
lacombe- NOT USED ANYMORE fattier
92
Suckling piglet birth weight and suckling length
~1kg
17-27 d
93
Right and left ear notching significance
right=litter #
left= piglet #
94
Why are tails docked in swine
prevent tail biting
95
Why castrate in swine
prevent boar taint
smell that only asian and women can taste (foul)
96
__% of pigs born go to market
95%
97
Swine market weight goal
120-130kg
98
Pig production cycle
Breeding,farrowing,weaning, nursery,grow-finish,market(5-6months)
(can go to replacements after weaning)
99
Batch farrowing
sows carried through mating and farrowing at the same time
100
Continuous farrowing
constant breeding/farrowing based on individuals cycles
101
Open herd
animals coming and going
102
Closed herd
no animals coming in
103
Nucleus herd
closed herd
grandparent herd
104
Swine health is preserved through...
isolation
sanitation
traffic control
herd health management
program maintenance
105
what makes aquaculture nutrition unique
Diverse omega 3 fatty acids, bioavailable micronutrients (very digestible)
106
In 2020 capture fisheries were __% and aquaculture was __% of global aquatic production
Capture 51%
Aquaculture 49%
107
Non food uses of aquaculture
Pet food
Supplements
Fish food
108
Aquatic protein makes up __% of animal protein and _% of overall protein
17%
7%
109
Aquacultures role in food production has grown from _% in 1960s to __% in 2010
6% 50%
110
Considerations when talking about weight of aquaculture produced
Inedible vs edible portions
Quality effectively eaten vs food available to be consumed
111
Classifications of fish
Shellfish (Crustacean (shrimp), Mollusk (Bivalve (clam), Univalve (snail), Cephalopod (squid)))
Finish (fresh/salt water (lean/fatty))
112
How does algae play into the aquaculture food chain
Provides sustainable food source
113
Who regulates aquaculture in Canada
Department of fisheries and oceans (DFO)
114
What is Canadas highest aquaculture volume by species?
Salmon
115
Types of aqua-culturing (6)
Freshwater net pen
Land based system
Bottom culture in intertidal zones
Long line
Net pen
Bottom culture in subtitle zones
116
Sask aquaculture input
Trout producer
More impact when it comes to grain industry and feeding the fish
117
Correlation between extensive/intensive aquaculture and its environmental impact
Intensive high extensive low
118
Environmental considerations of aquaculture (6)
Reliance on fish to feed fish
Drugs/chemicals can impact natural species
Escaped fish can breed with natural fish
Fish waste and extra food pollute natural environment
Predators can become entangled in nets
Parasites and disease are more common due to crowding (can spread to natural species)
119
What do farms use to reduce water needed for land based systems
RAW (Recirculation aquatic water system)
120
What is integrated multi-trophic aquaculture
Combines different species on the food web
121
Dual purpose milking and beef breed
Milking shorthorn
122
what makes jersey milk special
high butterfat and protein content
123
who controls milk quota in sask
saskmilk
124
2 major dairy provinces
ontario and quebec
125
How many days is a dairy cow in milk
305-320
126
First lactation milk/day
28kg/d
127
second lactation milk/day
33kg/d
128
forth lactation milk/day
40kg/d
129
average age for culling dairy cows
4-5 yrs
130
reasons for culling dairy cattle
biological (disease, infertility)
economic (low milk)
131
why are most dairy cows culled?
infertility
132
average dairy culling rate
32%
133
When does peak lactation happen
60-90 d after calving
134
the udder has _ mammary glands that operate ______
4
independently
135
Milk secreting cells
alveolus
136
Milking systems (3)
parlour
tie stall
robotic
137
Milking principles
consistency
stress free
cleanliness
138
Hormone that controls milk let down
oxytocin
139
milk composition
85% water
3% fat
3.5% protein
4.5% lactose
0.7% minerals
140
2 factors that impact dairy profitability
production level
composition of milk
141
Factors affecting milk yield (5)
genetics
feed/water intake/quality
environment
disease
age/size of cow
142
Most common feed method in dairy
Total mixed ration
(blend of all diet nutrients)
143
Closest living wild relative of dogs
gray wolf
144
dogs domestication date
20000 yrs ago
145
How did dogs begin to be domesticated
adopted wolf puppies
became useful hunting partners
may have observed wolves hunting and adopted practices
146
dog breed groups (4)
ancient
herding
other
giant (molossus)
147
Why were cats domesticated?
just kinda chose to be around humans and were not harming humans so they stuck around
148
where were cats domesticated
fertile crescent
149
where were cats taken inside the home
ancient eqypt
150
what is special about blotched tabby cats
recessive mutation
does not occur in wild
151
Psychological benefits of pets
companionship (reduce anxiety, depression, and loneliness)
indirect social interaction (pet parents becoming friends)
152
_____ equus evolved in north america but dissapeared _________ to go to eurasia
1 million years ago
11000 years ago
153
Original interaction with horses
hunting for food
154
when were horses starting to be raised in captivity
5500-6000 years ago
155
what did horses need to be domesticated and what was the human benefit
need to be: calm, submissive, people friendly
Used for: meat, milk
156
Benefits of using horses
increased mobility and hauling capability
dispersal of culture, goods, and technology
157
Y chromosome trends in horses
shows little variation
158
Colour impacts on horses
easier to hunt
some disease/mutation affects
159
Targets of hourse domestication
learning ability
social behaviour
muscle and limb development
160
breed effects
decrease genetic diversity
increase inbreeding
increase genetic load
161
Selective breeding adverse affects
small size--> dwarfism
heavily muscle--> hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
speed--> fragility
