Module 4 Flashcards by Tasha 103

Is the fermentation vat

Hindgut (cecum and colon)

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Is major site od digestion and absorption of many nutrients

Small intestine

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Horse do not digest low quality of forages (cellulose) so they need to eat immature, high quality hay or pasture

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The nutrients demands of the horse will depend on such factors as:

Bodyweight
Condition
Work level
appetite
Age
health
Reproductive status
Environment
Management

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Several methods of determining bodyweight :

Weight bridge
Tape measure and calculator
Weigh-tape
Table of weights

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Several rules to ensure good feeding practice:

Ensure clean fresh water
Feed Little but often
Make any changes gradually
Feed only good-quality dust-free Feed
Feed plenty of plant

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Factors should be taken into account when deciding o a ration

Cost
Individual nutrient requirement of the horse
Nutrients content of feed
Availability
Quality

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Feeds for horse fall in two main categories:

Forage: grass, hay, haulage,alfalfa, hydroponic grass
Concentrates: sraight , compound feeds

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Two groups of carbohydrates:

Soluble carbohydrates - starch, sugar (grass, creal)

Insoluble carbohydrates -cellulose and hemicellulos

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The main energy source for living diets

Fats converted to GLUCOSE

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Provide energy needed for all cell processes and basic functions such as breathing and the beating of the heart

Carbohydrates

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Refers to the amount of energy in the feed, which is actually digested for uses by the horse

Digestible energy

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Is an important structural component of all animal tissues.

Protein

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Protein vary widely in composition, but there structure is made up of simple units called

Amino acid

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The horse can make some amino acids within its body and these are therefore known as
Not required in the diet

Non-essential

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Other which cannot have be made in the body and need to be supplied in the diet, are known as ‘

Essential amino acid

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Most important essential amino acids

Lysine
Methionine
Tryptophan

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Are group of chemical compounds that are vital for life.

Vitamins

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Vitamins divided into one of two groups:

Fat-soluble (A,D,E,K)
Water-soluble (C and B-complex)

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Can be stored in the body, particularly the liver.

Fat-soluble vitamins

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Can be made by the microorganism in the horses gut. Excess in the horses body are broken down and excreted and for that reason toxicity symtoms are unlikely to occurs.

Water-soluble vitamins

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Are inorganic substances found throughout the horses body and are essential for health and development .

Mineral

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Some mineral are required in larger amounts and are known as

Macro-minerals
Major minerals

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Those recquire in concentration below 50mg/kg are known

Trace elements
Trace mineral

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Approximately 70% of the horses bodyweight is water

Water function :

•Temperature regulation •medium •solvent in substance •gives cells their shape •excretion in the form of urine •milk

Horses are also fed for production:

1. Growth 2. Lactation of brood mare 3. Growth of embryo within its mother 4. Body repair , regrowth after major injury or disease 5. Fattening 6. Work 7. Build up muscle for performance

The main criterion is the size of the animal

Feed for maintenance

The main criterion is the amount of production required.

To feed for production

8 tips involved int the RULES OF RATIONING

Step 1: Estimation of body weight Step 2: the Horse's appetite Step 3: calculating the energy for maintenence Step 4: calculating the energy for work Step 5: The forage-to-concentrate ratio Step 6: making the ration Step 7: checking the protein level Step 8: check and adjust the ration

Rule of feeding Several rule have been developed to ensure good feeding practice:

1. Ensure clean fresh water is always available 2. Feed little and often 3. Make any changes gradually 4. Feed according to work done 5. Feed plenty of plant fiber/forage 6. Keep Feed utensils clean 7. Maintain regular feeding times. 8. Feed only good-quality dust-free feed

Factors should be taken into account when deciding on a ration:

1.cost 2. Individual nutrients requiremnt 3. Nutrient content on feed 4. Availability 5. Quality 6. Forage ( grass, hay,haulage,alfalfa , hydroponic grass) 7. Concentrates (straight & compound feeds)

Is the leaves, stems and stalks of plants.

Forage

Good pasture contain all of the nutrients required in a balanced form for horses, including carbohydrates( starch and sugar) protein and vitamins

Grass

The quality and nutrient content of hay depends on several factors including:

1. Grass species 2. Stage of cutting - maturity 3. Weather conditions 4. Storage 5. Fertilization

Is not often fed to horses duw to practical problems associated with it. It is made in silos clamps or big bales

Silage

This fits between hay and silage. Haylage is cut at a later growing stage than silage , but earlier or at the same time as hay.

Haylage

This is a legume and is rich in protein, fiber a calcium. It can fed as hay or short claff.

Alfalfa

Concentrates splits into two groups:

1. Straight or cereal grains 2. Compound feeds - manufacture

Refers to the cereal grains such as oats,barley,maize and wheat. The most common straight fed to horse are oats and barley.

Straights

Straights undergo various types of processing aimed at increasing the digestibility of starch:

1. Extrusion 2. Micronization 3. Rolling 4. Stem cooking and flaking

Involves cooking at great pressure, similar to popcorn. Breaks up the starch molecules and therefore the resulting feed is more digestible.

Extrusion

Invloves flaking and toasting in machinery similar to microwaves. The cooking process again makes the starch more digestible.

Micronization

Involves crushing the grain, they are not cooked and once open to air, the grain will start to deteriorate and it will lose its feed value after approximately 2 weeks.

Rolling

Imvloves passing the grain through heated rollers that cook and splits it.

Steam cooking and flaking

The traditional concentrate feed for horses. They are relatively high in fiber and have a lower energy content than barley.

Oats

Is higher in energy that oats and lower in fiber. It is often processed to make the starch more available, by streaming, micronization or extrusion

Barley

This is high energy,low fiber and is most often fed steamed or micronized.

Maize

Is not used as a straight due to its high cost. It's contain gluten that can form a gluten mass in the gut

Wheat

Is technically in between a forage and concentrate. Look similar to a turnip. Is taken to a factory where most of the sugar is removed.

Sugar beet pulp

Compound feeds divided into three groups:

1. Complete cubes or coarse mixes 2. Concentrates cubes or coarse 3. Balancers - cubes

These are fed alone without forage and are designed to replace all the hay and concentrates in the ration.

Complete cubes

These provides a balanced diet for all types of horses and are designed to fed with forage and water.

Concentrates cubes

These are higher in protein and designed to balance a straight such as oats.

Balancer cubes

Are substances added to the horse's diet in order to balance it or correct a perceived deficiency.

Supplement

Is a substance that is added to an already balanced ration.

Additives

Common additives:

Enzymes Herbs Cod liver Prebiotics Yeast

Biological catalyst aimed to improved digestion by various means

Enzymes

A natural alternative to supplements, but nutrients specification under debate

Herbs

Source of Vitamins A,D and E but may make feed unpalatable

Cod live oil

Live bacteria to help recolonize the horse's gut after stress or antibiotics

Prebiotics

Improves the number of fiber digesting bacteria in the hind gut

Yeasts

Common supplements includes:

Vitamins supplements- biotin Mineral supplements - calcium, selenium Broad-spectrum Body salt - sodium chloride,potassium, calcium

Is often used for horses who have I'll,who are in very poor condition, recovering from surgery or who have been 'overtrained'

Vitamins B supplements

Are essential for performance horses and are often neglected. They should be given whenever the horse has been Sweating after work.

Body salts

Are quite fashionable at the moment and there is a large selection available.

Herbs

Feeding tips

1. Maintain feeding regularity 2. Never feed large amounts of grains at once 3. Never overfeed 4. Gradually change from one feed to another 5. Keep Feed boxes and tubs clean 6. Limits pasture of horse 7. Make sure the horse has plenty of fresh water, salt and exercise

The sick horse's diet must have several special characteristics:

• Palatability • Good-quality protein • Fiber • minerals and vitamis

Module 4 Flashcards

(68 cards)