Module 4

Question 1

nervous system

Answer 1

electrochemical communication network that connects brain and spinal cord to organs, muscles, and glands

Question 2

central nervous system

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord

Question 3

peripheral nervous system

Answer 3

somatic (voluntary) and autonomic nervous system (involuntary- sympathetic and parasympathetic)

internal organs that nerve cells reach out to

Question 4

somatic nervous system

Answer 4

deals with nerve cells, controlling muscles that you can control

Question 5

automatic nervous system

Answer 5

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 6

sympathetic

Answer 6

area of activating body for activity
reduce unnecessary areas
dilates pupil, increases heart rate, activates sweat glands, respiration, adrenaline, inhibits digestion

Question 7

parasympathetic

Answer 7

constricts pupil, decreases heart rate, cools down sweat glands, respiration, stimulates digestion

Question 8

brain cells

Answer 8

nerve cells and glial cells

Question 9

nerve cells

Answer 9

building blocks of brain functions, who you are- personality and perception
more than a billion cells

babies have 1,000,000 neural connections per second, why they learn so fast
this slows into adulthood, but connections are made: 1 cell connects up to 50,000 cells

main purpose: receive, integrate, and send messages

Question 10

nerve cell growth

Answer 10

nerve cells branch out with new and more experiences, growth of engrams, more networking and long term potentiation
multiply in size through increased growth and complexity, not number (only 1-2% grow in number)

Question 11

neuroplasticity

Answer 11

capacity of nervous system to change in response to experience (flexibility)

Question 12

neurogenesis

Answer 12

production of new brain cells
learning, memory, emotions, and ability to adapt
networking&raquo_space; using other networking to make up for what is gone

Question 13

neuron structure

Answer 13

many different types depending on function and location in brain (shape, size, structure matters
ex: purkinje cell (cerebellum), association cell (thalamus)- stays within brain, short axon, axon motor neuron (spinal cord)
body and body extension

Question 14

soma (cell body)

Answer 14

nucleus (DNA + RNA)/command function

Question 15

dendrites

Answer 15

branches out from cell body
like the roots of a tree

Question 16

axon

Answer 16

one extension (long) to reach spinal cord
branches out like tree trunk

Question 17

axon bulbs/synaptic bulb/terminal button

Question 18

synaptic vesicles

Answer 18

neurotransmitters carried by synaptic vesicles

Question 19

neurotransmitters

Answer 19

synthesize in cell body and transport by vesicles to axon bulb

Question 20

receptor sites

Question 21

reuptake

Answer 21

reabsorbed and stored in vesicles

Question 22

types of neurons

Answer 22

afferent neurons, efferent neurons, interneurons

Question 23

afferent neurons (sensory)

Answer 23

carry messages from fingers to spinal cord and brain

Question 24

efferent neurons (motor)

Answer 24

carry messages and commands from brain to muscles, glands, and organs
next to muscles, stimulate muscle actions

Question 25

interneurons

Answer 25

connect and transfer info from one neuron to another (mostly in spinal cord) reflexes

Question 26

Glia cells

Answer 26

provide structural support to nerve cells, nutrients, insulate, remove wastes, and repair neurons assist in learning, thinking, and memory

Question 27

myelin sheath

Answer 27

insulates and increases the speed of transmission for neurons reduce in age and get thinner into later lied aid quick responses and learning

Question 28

communication among neurons

Answer 28

polarize state, depolarization, refractory period, and receptor effects

Question 29

ions

Answer 29

4: Na+ (sodium), K+ (potassium), Chloride (Cl-), Anions (A-)

Question 30

polarize state

Answer 30

resting state and prepare for action (-60 to -70 millivolts) ready for activity and action >> polarized (charged up) more negative than positive neurons

Question 31

depolarization

Answer 31

ions enter nerve cell "turn on flashlight", opening of receptor sites, ions enter in doesn't occur just on dendrites, occurs on axon as well and axon bulb

Question 32

threshold

Answer 32

minimum energy needed for an action potential (nerve firing)

Question 33

action potential

Answer 33

all or non response electrical energy is activated

Question 34

refractory period

Answer 34

after action potential, a neuron resists producing another action potential dips below resting state of -70 (-80 or -90) hyperpolarized state, potassium-sodium pump releases positive ions

Question 35

receptor effects

Answer 35

excitatory and inhibitory

Question 36

excitatory

Answer 36

receptor sites allow positive ions to flow in, triggering an action potential

Question 37

inhibitory

Answer 37

receptor sites allow negative ions to flow in, which reduces an action potential preventing nerve cell firing soma gathers info to determine threshold is met for action potential

Question 38

types of neurotransmitters

Answer 38

amino acids, glutamate, GABA, Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, endorphins chemical messengers that mediate behaviors (e.g., learning, anxiety)

Question 39

amino acids

Answer 39

organic compounds (e.g., food) help make proteins, hormones, and neurotransmitters

Question 40

glutamate

Answer 40

excitatory (helps with movement, thinking)

Question 41

GABA

Answer 41

inhibitory (help prevent nerve cell firing)

Question 42

acetylcholine

Answer 42

regulates muscles and cognition (memory, learning, sleeping, etc.)

Question 43

dopamine

Answer 43

regulates muscles and mental disorders too little: Parkinson's Disease (L-dopa drug) too much: Schizophrenia (Thorazine drug)

Question 44

serotonin

Answer 44

regulates sleeping, earing, mood, pain, and depression too little: depression (Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil) too much: hallucination

Question 45

endorphins

Answer 45

brain's natural producing pain reducer