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AP Art History > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Catacombs

A

Early Christian cemeteries

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2
Q

Confraternities

A

Burial associations

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3
Q

Cubicula

A

Chambers in catacombs

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4
Q

Galleries

A

Passageways in catacombs

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5
Q

Loculi

A

Shelves where the dead were placed in catacombs

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6
Q

Medallion

A

Circular frame

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7
Q

Lunette

A

Semicircular frame

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8
Q

Orants

A

Figrures with their arms raised in a gesture of prayer

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9
Q

Prefiguration

A

Earlier version. Jonah was a prefiguration of Christ.

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10
Q

Catacomb of Priscillla

A

Young, beardless Christ, Old Testament account of three men thrown in fire by Nebuchadnezzar, fish commonly used to represent Jesus Christ and religion. Buried underground. Land donated by a wealthy lady Priscilla, first to her family, the extends to other Christians. Contains Good Shephard fresco, orant frescoes, and Greek Chapel.

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11
Q

Why was sculpture uncommon in Christianity?

A

They did not want to be confused with pagan religions, cults, carved idols, and architectural sculptures.

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12
Q

Old Saint Peter’s

A

Built by Constantine starting in 319. Replaced with Santa Sabina 100 years later.

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13
Q

Nave

A

Central walkway in a basilica

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14
Q

Apse

A

Where the alter was located in a church

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15
Q

Side Aisles

A

Aisles on each side of the nave and seating

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16
Q

Transept

A

A horizontally-intersecting aisle that intersected the nave before the apse

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17
Q

Relics

A

Objects of religious importance; important in early Christianity

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18
Q

Atrium

A

Opening; roof is open

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19
Q

Narthex

A

Entrance hall before the church

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20
Q

Spolia

A

Recycled or repurposed building materials

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21
Q

Baldacchino

A

Large 4-columned canopy. One stands over the tomb of Saint Peter

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22
Q

Santa Sabina

A

Replaced Saint Peter’s with a more modern basilica. Contains clerestory windows, marble columns on the lower floor, a painted apse ceiling. Light used as symbol of divinity and removes weight. Simple brick exterior.

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23
Q

Central-Plan

A

Parts of the building are equidistant from a central point.

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24
Q

Ambulatory

A

Side aisle on a central-plan church

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25
Q

Blind Arcade

A

Arches over a solid background

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26
Q

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia

A

ca. 425, brick building using blind arcades and combing the basilica and central-plan layouts. Christ as the Good Shephard with a hat, cross, and 6 sheep.

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27
Q

Folios

A

Sheets

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28
Q

Vellum

A

Calfskin

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29
Q

Parchment

A

Lambskin

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30
Q

Codex

A

Like a book

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31
Q

Illuminated Manuscript

A

Written text with brilliant decorations

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32
Q

Vienna Genesis - Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well, Jacob Wrestling the Angel

A

Purple vellum, silver ink, suggests wealthy ownership, uses continuous narration, nude figure representing water source shows persistence of classical motifs

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33
Q

Diptych

A

Picture or bas-relief made of 2 panels hinged together, often on an alterpiece.

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34
Q

Byzantine

A

Surviving Eastern Christian Roman Empire

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35
Q

Theocracy

A

Government utilizing messages from a God or gods

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36
Q

Barberini Ivory

A

Diptych leaf of Justinian on a rearing horse. Uses hierarchal scale. Right center panel has been lost.

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37
Q

Hagia Sophia

A

Justinian commissions beautiful church. Has a dome with many windows and a gold ceiling that implies divinity and roof appears as if it were floating. Converted to mosque. Made by mathematicians; included aspects from central-plan and basilica. Buttresses later added for support

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38
Q

Butttress

A

Mass of masonry used as a support or brace counteracting the outward thrust of an arch or vault

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39
Q

Minarets

A

Towers for Muslim criers

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40
Q

San Vitale

A

ca. 547, Ravenna, Italy. Uses two concentric octagons. Most famous for 6th-century mosaics covering its interior (Justinian with Bishop Maximianus and their attendants; Theodora and her attendants)

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41
Q

Chancel

A

Part of a church reserved for a clergy and containing the altar and choir

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42
Q

Paten

A

Large bowl or plate used for the Eucharist bread

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43
Q

Eucharist

A

Breaking break, drinking wine

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44
Q

Chaline

A

For wine in Eucharist

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45
Q

Virgin (Theokotos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George

A

From Monastery of Saint Catherine

46
Q

Theokotos

A

“Throne of Wisdom;” Mary holding Jesus Christ

47
Q

Iconoclasm

A

Destruction of icons and imagery

48
Q

San Marco

A

ca. 1063. Has a Greek cross plan and large central dome and models Justinian’s Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople

49
Q

Triptych

A

Set of three works

50
Q

Deesis

A

John the Baptist, Virgin Mary, and Jesus Christ

51
Q

Anastasis

A

Resurrection (of Christ)

52
Q

Mandorla

A

Oval-shaped frame often framing Jesus

53
Q

Annunciation

A

Church festival

54
Q

Alms

A

Things given to the poor

55
Q

5 pillar of Islam

A

Shahada - testimony of faith
salat - prayer 5 times daily facing Mecca
Zakat - giving alms to the poor
Sawm - fasting during Ramadan
Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime if able

56
Q

The Kaaba

A

“Cube.” Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Worshippers circumambulate hoping to kiss or touch the Black Stone. Covered in the kiswah

57
Q

Kiswa(h)

A

Black curtain covering Kabaa. Emroidered with silver and gold thread and replaced annually.

58
Q

The Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh) in Isfahan, Iran

A

Congregational mosque. One of the oldest standing in Iran. Uses 4 iwans (vaulted open rooms) connected by a courtyard with a shallow pool for wudu. Has qibla iwan to accommodate direction of prayer (southern side of the courtyard). Has colorful tile decoration and muqarnas.

59
Q

Muqarnas

A

Stalactite-form stucco decorations

60
Q

Wudu

A

Ritual washing

61
Q

Iwan

A

Vaulted open rooms

62
Q

The Gread Mosque in Cordoba, Spain

A

Largest mosque in the Islamic West. Converted to a cathedral in 1523 after the Muslims were driven out of Spain. Includes hypostyle prayer hall and uses spolia. Has striped red and white arches. Decorated with calligraphy and patterns.

63
Q

Alhambra in Granada, Spain

A

Muslim fortress and palace. No central organizing element and it multiple palaces placed together. Used Arabic inscriptions and tile panels to decorate. Court of the Lions.

64
Q

Dadoes

A

Lower wall panels

65
Q

Madrasa

A

Type of seminary that is a common Islamic structure

66
Q

Mosque of Selim II

A

Erdine (formal Ottoman Empire capital). Utilizes many domical spaces. Made in blue and white.

67
Q

Kulliiye

A

Greater complex

68
Q

Taj Mahal

A

1623-1653 C.E. Shah Jahan commissions to show love for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Appearance and décor reflects a wealthy ruler with skilled architects. Contrasting colors are used to make intricate designs on the walls and floors and the expensive materials add to a sense of wealth and splendor.

69
Q

Calligraphy

A

Ornamental Writing

70
Q

Folio from a Qur’an

A

Page from the Islamic holy text. Created using gold on vellum and written in kufic script, which is very angular and uses no vowels.

71
Q

Kufic (script)

A

Calligraphy. Named for the important calligraphy center in the city of Kufa. Very angular and in traditional practices, uses no vowels.

72
Q

Shahnama

A

Persian national epic poem that tells the history of Iranian creation through the Muslim conquest that is often chosen as a subject matter for secular texts.

73
Q

Bahram Gur Fight the Karg folio

A

Page from the Great Ilkhanic Shahnama. Created using ink and opaque color on gold and silver paper. Has 6 columns of text written in the Persian naskh calligraphic style. The influence of Chinese painting styles can be seen in the motifs and landscape elements. Influence also came as a result of Mongolian invasions.

74
Q

Gur

A

Onager; animal resembling a donkey

75
Q

The Court of the Gayumars folio

A

ca. 1522-1525. Another episode from a 742-page version of the Shahmana given to Ottoman sultan Selim II as a gift. Use of ink and opaque watercolor on gold paper. Depicts first king of Iran, Gayumars, presiding over his court (wearing leopard skins) from a mountaintop. Uses cool colors and lush vegetation.

76
Q

Pyxis (pl. Pyxides)

A

Lidded cylindrical containers/boxes. In Islamic cultures, usually has hemispherical lids. Typically carved from ivory.

77
Q

Muhammad ibn al-Zain’s Basin

A

ca. 1320-1340 CE. Used for washing hands at official ceremonies. Made of brass inlaid with gold and silver, and both inner and outer surfaces are decorated in elaborate court scenes, battles, and hunting expeditions in 3 friezes. Its (false) association with French King Louis IX caused this piece to also be known as “Baptistere de St. Louis.” Figures on rondels suggested as representing personifications of furusiyya (good horsemanship).

78
Q

Furusiyya

A

Good horsemanship.

79
Q

The Ardabil Carpet

A

1539-1540. Was one of a pair of funerary carpets. Nearly 35 feet in length. The other carpet was dismantled to repair this one. It is believed that Maqsud of Kashan developed and supplied the design patterns for the pair of carpets to the royal weavers who made them, as his name appears on the design. No human or animal forms are included in the design, as it was intended for religious purposes.

80
Q

Naskh

A

Persian calligraphic style

81
Q

Tumulus

A

Burial mounds

82
Q

Why do few works from the Early Medieval period in the West survive today?

A

The nature of their materials (primarily wood, mud, and stone).

83
Q

Animal Style

A

Objects with decorative abstract patterns combined with animal forms

84
Q

Dome of the Rock

A

691-692 CE. Earliest large-scale work of Islamic art. Built around “the rock” which was the site of the miraj. Its design was likely inspired by Constantine’s Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Allows pilgrims to circumambulate around the rock and has a dome covered in gold leaf (now made of anodized aluminum). Lower portion of the structure covered in abstract tile designs (was initially covered in a glass mosaic).

85
Q

Miraj

A

Muhammad’s ascension into heaven

86
Q

Circumambulate

A

Walk around

87
Q

Mosque

A

Islamic place of worship

88
Q

Qibla

A

Orientation of the mosque; faces Mecca.

89
Q

Qibla Wall

A

Wall that directs prayer toward Mecca.

90
Q

Mihrab

A

Niche on the prayer wall; common opinion is that it represents the site where Muhammad sat or stood in his Medina home while leading prayers.

91
Q

Minbar

A

Stepped pulpit on which the imam recites the khutba

92
Q

Imam

A

“Teacher”

93
Q

Khutba

A

“Sermon”

94
Q

Minarets

A

Exterior auxiliary towers used by a muezzin to call the faithful to prayer 5 times daily

95
Q

Muezzin

A

Muslim crier

96
Q

Cloisonne

A

Popular method of decoration in the Early Middle Ages that uses metal strips (called cloisons) and glass paste.

97
Q

Warrior Lord Purse Cover

A

ca. 625. Prime example of cloisonne methods and animal style that is uniquely Early Medieval style.

98
Q

Vikings

A

Skilled warrior, sailors, craftsmen, and administrators, and they swept across Northern Europe in the Early Middle Ages.

99
Q

Book of Durrow

A

ca. 660-680. One of the earliest examples of a Hiberno-Saxon illuminated manuscript. Contains text, illustrations, and carpet pages typical of Hiberno-Saxon manuscript illumination.

100
Q

Hiberno-Saxon

A

Early Medieval art produced in the insular communities of Ireland (whose ancient name was Hibernia) and Britain (whose primary ethnic group was the Saxons)

101
Q

Carpet Pages

A

Decorative pages in an illuminated manuscript

102
Q

Colophon

A

Page of the text that contains information on the book’s manufacture

103
Q

Saint Luke’s Incipit Page

A

Opens the Luke’s Gospel in the Book of Durrow. Combines text with spiraled forms, swirling vortexes, and animal life.

104
Q

____ was considered the language of the New Testament, and _____ was the language of the Christian Church in Rome.

A

Greek; Latin

105
Q

Charles the Great is also known as ___________.

A

Charlemagne.

106
Q

Equestrian Portrait of Charlemagne

A

Clearly influenced by the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius. Oversized emperor compared to the horse. The emotionless expression and short, squat figure mark this as a Carolingian work.

107
Q

Carolingian Renaissance

A

Under Charlemagne’s rule, the Late Roman Empire and the Early Christian periods were combined and reborn.

108
Q

Cover of the Lindau Gospel

A

Lavish item from the Carolingian period made in gold and embedded with jewels and pearls. Features a young crucified Christ in the middle.

109
Q

Ottonians

A

Came to power after Charlemagne’s death and returned order and a resurgence of classicism.

110
Q

Saint Michael’s

A

1001-1030. Hildesheim, Germany. Has a pair of 16.5ft tall bronze doors called the Bernward Doors (ca. 1015) with images from the Old Testament Book of Genesis on the left and episodes from the Life of Christ. Has 12.5ft tall bronze column inside featuring episodes from the life of Jesus in 24 continuous spiraling scenes most likely inspired by the Column of Trajan.

111
Q

Gospels of Otto III

A

ca. 1000 CE. Illuminated manuscript from the Ottonian period. Otto III sits enthroned like a Roman emperor with his feet resting on a raised stool. He holds an orb with a cross on it to symbolize dominion over the Christian world. Personifications of the regions Otto controlled approach him to pay homage.

112
Q

Gero Crucifix

A

ca. 970 CE. 6-foot work of monumental sculpture carved from oak. Christ is depicted as truly suffering in the used of a bowed head and stretched, attenuated muscles. Surrounded by oval frame resembling a golden sun.

AP Art History (3 decks)

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