Module 4

Question 1

General formula

Answer 1

The simplest algebraic formula for a homologous series
(Definition not required - understanding)

Question 2

Structural formula

Answer 2

The minimal detail
that shows the arrangement of atoms in a
molecule
(Definition not required - understanding)

Question 3

Displayed formula

Answer 3

The relative positioning of atoms and bonds between them
(Definition not required - understanding)

Question 4

Skeletal formula

Answer 4

Simplified organic formula which removes H from alkyl chains, leaving carbon and f-groups
(Definition not required - understanding)

Question 5

Explain structural isomers

Answer 5

Compounds with the same molecular
formula but different structural formulae

Question 6

Homolytic fission

Answer 6

Breaking of a covalent bond, where each atom receives one electron, forming 2 radicals

Question 7

Heterolytic fission

Answer 7

Breaking of a covalent bond, where one atom receives the pair of electrons, forming one positive and one negative ion

Question 8

Radical

Answer 8

Species with an unpaired electron

Question 9

σ-bond

Answer 9

Overlap of orbitals directly between bonding atoms

Question 10

π-bond

Answer 10

Sideways overlap of adjacent orbitals above/below bonding atoms

Question 11

Stereoisomers

Answer 11

Molecules with the same structural formula but a different spatial arrangement of atoms

Question 12

E/Z isomerism

Answer 12

A type of stereoisomerism - 2 different groups attached to each carbon of the C=C group (restricted rotation)

Question 13

Cis-trans isomerism

Answer 13

A type of E/Z isomerism - same group attached to each carbon of the C=C bond (restricted rotation)

Question 14

Methods for sustainable processing of waste polymers (3)

Answer 14

• combustion for energy production
• organic feedstock for production of plastics / organic chemicals
• removal of toxic waste products e.g., HCl

Question 15

Alkene –> Alkane

Answer 15

Alkene + H2 –> Alkane
Ni catalyst required

Question 16

Alkene –> Dihaloalkane

Answer 16

Alkene + halogen –> dihaloalkane

Question 17

Alkene –> Haloalkane

Answer 17

Alkene + hydrogen halide –> Haloalkane

Question 18

Alkene –> Alcohol

Answer 18

Alkene + H2O (steam) –> Alcohol
H3PO4 catalyst

Question 19

Electrophile

Answer 19

Electron pair acceptor

Question 20

Limitation of radical substitution

Answer 20

Produces a variety of organic compounds (further substitution and reactions)

Question 21

Major product of CH2=CHBr + HBr
+ Explanation

Answer 21

CH3-CHBr2
This product forms from the most stable carbocation intermediate

Question 22

IMFs in alcohols

Answer 22

Hydrogen bonds (and IDDs)

Question 23

Explain different bpt. for primary/secondary/tertiary alcohols

Answer 23

Primary is straightest chain, so more and stronger IDDs can form between molecules
Secondary is more branched (tertiary the most branched) so less surface contact - fewer and weaker IDDs.
More energy needed to break more/stronger IDDs

Question 24

Products of complete combustion of alcohol

Answer 24

C2H5OH + 3O2 –> 2CO2 + 3H2O
Carbon dioxide and water

Question 25

Product of oxidation of secondary alcohols

Answer 25

Ketones

Question 26

Oxidation of tertiary alcohols

Answer 26

Generally resistant to oxidation

Question 27

Product of partial oxidation of primary alcohols

Answer 27

Aldehydes

Question 28

Product of complete oxidation of primary alcohols

Answer 28

Carboxylic acid

Question 29

Primary Alcohol --> Aldehyde Conditions + Reagents

Answer 29

Distillation K2Cr2O7 / H+ or acid

Question 30

Primary Alcohol --> Carboxylic Acid Conditions + Reagents

Answer 30

Reflux K2Cr2O7 / H+ or acid

Question 31

Secondary Alcohol --> Ketone Conditions + Reagents

Answer 31

Reflux or heat K2Cr2O7 / H+ or acid