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Module 4 Flashcards

GU (61 cards)

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1
Q

What organs make up the Upper GI Tract

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach

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2
Q

What is Pyloric Stenosis

A

Narrowing and obstruction of pyloric sphincter - causes stomach unable to empty into small intestine

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3
Q

When do most cases of pyloric stenosis present?

A

3 weeks old

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4
Q

First symptoms of pyloric stenosis

A

Projectile vomiting and/or hematemesis (vomit w/ blood)

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5
Q

What is a Hiatal Hernia?

A

Occurs when the diaphragm muscles weaken

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6
Q

What cases the diaphragm to weaken in a Hiatal Hernia?

A
  1. Increased intra-thoracic pressure (coughing, vomiting, straining)
  2. increased intra-abdominal pressure (pregnancy and obesity)
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7
Q

What is GERD?

A

Acid backs up from the stomach into the esophagus due to weakened lower esophageal sphincter - the secretions irritate the esophagus mucosa

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8
Q

Factors that increase or worsen GERD

A

chocolate, spicy food, caffeine, citrus, alcohol, nicotine, pregnancy

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9
Q

Main clinical manifestation of GERD

A

heartburn, epigastric pain, lump in throat

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10
Q

What is Gastritis

A

inflammation of the stomach’s mucosal lining
(erosive or non-erosive)

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11
Q

Most common cause of Gastritis

A

H. pylori bacteria

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12
Q

Chronic gastritis can lead to…

A

peptic ulcers and gastric cancer

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13
Q

What is Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

erosion of the mucosal lining of the stomach, esophagus, or duodenal forming an open sore/ulcer

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14
Q

Risk Factors or causes or PUD

A

NSAIDs and H. pylori infections

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15
Q

3 Types of Ulcers

A
  1. Duodenal
  2. Gastric
  3. Stress
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16
Q

Recognized Cues of PUD

A

burning pain in mid-epigastric area, abdominal pressure or fullness, bloody emesis or stool, weight loss

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17
Q

Bloody Emesis means…

A

Upper GI Issue

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18
Q

Bloody Stool (Melena) means…

A

Lower GI Issue

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19
Q

What organs are included in the Hepatobiliary System

A

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

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20
Q

What is Hepatitis

A

inflammation and infection of liver cells

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21
Q

Common causes of Hepatitis

A
  • infection (viral)
  • alcohol
  • medications
  • autoimmune disease
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22
Q

Hepatitis A (route and prevention)

A

fecal-oral route
found in stool
very contagious
prevention: vaccine

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23
Q

Hepatitis B - Trasmission

A

blood, sexual contact, sharing needles, pregnancy

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24
Q

Hepatitis B Post infection

A

Most people clear the virus and develop immunity but some become carriers

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25
Hepatitis B Prevention
Vaccine
26
Hepatits C Transmission
blood, sexual contact, perinatal delivery
27
Hepatits C Prevention
NO vaccine, avoid risky behaviors
28
Hepatitis C: What is leads to...
end stage liver disease
29
Hepatitis C - the C stands for?
CHRONIC
30
What is Cirrhosis and causes it?
It is the extensive scarring of the liver and usually irreversible Caused by chronic hepatic inflammation and necrosis
31
What does prolonged cirrhosis lead to?
End stage liver disease
32
Complications assosiated with cirrhosis
portal hypertension (>5mmHg) Ascites (fluid build up in abdomen) Esophageal varices (hemmeroid) Splenomegaly Hepatic encephalopathy (high ammonia)
33
Choleithiasis
(Gallstones) form inside the gallbladder and obstruct the cystic duct, gallbladder neck, or common bile duct
34
Recognized Cue w/ Cholelithiasis
upper right quadrant pain nausea and vomiting
35
Risk Factors of Cholelithiasis
Native American advancing age high fat, high carb, low fiber
36
What is Pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
37
Role of Pancreas
maintain homeostasis with electrolytes, water, and glucose
38
Causes of Pancreatitis
Cholelithiasis Alcoholism Cancer
39
Most common acute cause of pancreatitis
Cholelithiasis
40
Most common chronic cause of Pancreatitis
Alcoholisms
41
What organs are included in the Lower GI Tract
Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anus
42
What causes Appendicitis
Obstruction arises inside the appendix Usually caused by fecalith, foreign body, intestinal parasites, or tumor
43
Recognized Cues of Appendicitis
initial pain near umbilicus swelling increases and pain moves to LRQ Intensifies over 12-24 hours
44
(Appendicitis) If pain goes away...
THINK RUPTURE
45
Peritonitits
acute inflammation and infection of the peritoneum and lining of abdominal cavity
46
Cause of Peritonitis
bacteria entry into peritoneum (appendicitis, PUD, diverticulitis), or penetrating wound
47
Classic manifestation of peritonitits
Rigid Abdomen
48
What are Diverticula
pouchlike herniations of the mucosa through the muscular wall of the colon (sigmoid)
49
What weakens the Muscle wall of colon
aging and lack of fiber
50
Diverticulitis
diverticula become inflame or infected leading to a reduced blood supply in that area
51
What leads to diverticulitis
bacteria invade the diverticulum - causes perforation of abscess
52
Recognized Cues of Diverticulitis
LLQ of the abdomen
53
Recognized Cues of IBS
pain in LLQ fatigue, malaise, abdominal pain, change in bowel pattern
54
Crohn's Disease
chronic INFLAMMATORY disease of small intestine with remissions and exacerbations
55
Appearance of Crohn's disease
cobblestone appearance
56
Recognized Cues of Crohn's
Anemia RLQ abdominal cramping and pain Severe watery diarrhea (many a day)
57
Ulcerative Colitis
progressive INFLAMMATORY condition of ulcerations in the rectum and colon mucosa w/ remissions and exacerbations
58
Recognized Cues of Ulcerative Colitis
watery diarrhea (+20 a day) Tenesmus (rectal spasm) Risk of colon cancer
59
Colorectal Cancer (cause)
arise from polyps - small growths attached to surface of intestine
60
Recognized Cues of Colon Cancer
lower adbominal pain blood in stool change in bowel habits unexplained anemia
61
Recommended age of Colorectal Screening
45 for both sexes

Patho (4 decks)

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