Module 4

Question 1

what is a hydrocarbon

Answer 1

a compound containing carbon and hydrogen atoms only

Question 2

what is saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 2

compounds that contain single carbon-carbon bonds

Question 3

what is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 3

compounds with multiple carbon carbon bonds such as triple bonds and double bonds and benzene ring.

Question 4

what is a functional group

Answer 4

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

Question 5

What is a homologous series

Answer 5

a series of organic compounds, having the same functional group but each successive member differing by CH2

Question 6

what is meant by structural isomer

Answer 6

same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Question 7

explain the term atom economy

Answer 7

(sum of) the molecular masses of the desired product ÷

sum of molecular masses of all products
× 100

Question 8

define the term nucleophile

Answer 8

electron pair donor

Question 9

What is meant by the term fractional distillation

Answer 9

separation by (differences in) boiling point

Question 10

What does free radical mean

Answer 10

(a particle that) contains/has a single/unpaired electron

Question 11

What is meant by the term electrophile

Answer 11

electron/lone pair acceptor

Question 12

state conditions necessary for the initiation step

Answer 12

uv (light)/high temperature/min of 400 C/sunlight

Question 13

what does the curly arrow represent

Answer 13

movement of an electron pair

Question 14

essential conditions for fermentation

Answer 14

anaerobic, aqueous, temp range 25 − 40°C/warm to just above room temp

Question 15

definition of volatility

Answer 15

high boiling point/ not easy to vapourise/owtte

Question 16

definition of intermolecular bonds

Answer 16

= bonds/forces/attractions between molecules

Question 17

What is an Alkyl

Answer 17

A group with the general formula CnH2n+1

Question 18

What is Aromatic

Answer 18

An organic compound containing a benzene ring

Question 19

What does the curly arrow represent

Answer 19

The movement of a pair of electrons

Question 20

What is a Dipole

Answer 20

partial charge on an atom which is caused by the differing of electronegativities in a covalent bond

Question 21

What is Homolytic fission

Answer 21

When a covalent bond breaks, each bonding atom receives on electron from the bonding pair, forming two radicals

Question 22

Two limitations of using radical substitution in organic synthesis

Answer 22

Further substitutions are possible.
There can be substitutions at different points along the chain

Question 23

What is an Alkane

Answer 23

A homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2

Question 24

What is Bond enthalpy

Answer 24

The energy required to break one mole of gaseous bonds.

Question 25

What is complete combustion

Answer 25

When a compound is burnt with plentiful of oxygen. When alkanes are completely combusted, they only produce water and carbon dioxide.

Question 26

What is Homolytic fission

Answer 26

when a covalent bond breaks, each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonding pair, forming two radicals.

Question 27

What is Incomplete combustion

Answer 27

When a compound is burnt in a limited supply of oxygen. When alkanes are incompletely combusted, water, carbon monoxide are produced.

Question 28

What are London forces

Answer 28

Induced Dipole Dipole interactions

Question 29

What is the propogation step

Answer 29

This is where radicals react with other species

Question 30

What is the termination step

Answer 30

This is where two radicals react together forming a species which only contains paired electrons

Question 31

What are sigma bonds

Answer 31

A type of covalent bond which forms when atomic orbitals overlap head on. sigma bonds can rotate freely.

Question 32

What are Pi bonds

Answer 32

A type of covalent bond formed when adjacent p orbitals overlap sideways above and below the bonding carbon atoms. Pi bonds can't be rotates.

Question 33

What are sterioisomers

Answer 33

compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space

Question 34

What is a tertiary carbocation

Answer 34

A molecule where the carbon with the positive charge is attached to three alkyl group. This is the most stable type of carbocation.

Question 35

What is an Alcohol

Answer 35

An organic compound containing the OH functional group

Question 36

What is an Aldehyde

Answer 36

The organic compound which contains CHO functional group

Question 37

How are aldehydes formed

Answer 37

formed from the oxidation of primary alcohols using Cr2O7 2- /H+ and distillation

Question 38

What is an Alkene

Answer 38

an organic compound containing a C=C double bond

Question 39

How can alkenes be formed

Answer 39

Can be formed from alcohols via elimination of H20 using an acid catalyst and heat

Question 40

What is a Carboxylic acid

Answer 40

An organic compound containing a COOH functional group

Question 41

How can carboxylic acids be formed

Answer 41

they can be formed from the oxidation of primary alcohols using Cr2O7 2- / H+ and reflux

Question 42

What is combustion

Answer 42

A rapid exothermic reaction of a substance with oxygen

Question 43

What is a ketone

Answer 43

an organic compound with the C=O functional group

Question 44

What is a polar bond

Answer 44

A covalent bond in which there is an unequal share of electrons between the 2 atoms due to differences in electronegativities of the atoms involved. One will have partial positive and one will have partial negative.

Question 45

What are primary alcohols

Answer 45

An alcohol in which the OH is attached to the primary carbon atom. This means the carbon atom is only attached to one alkyl group

Question 46

What are secondary Alcohols

Answer 46

An alcohol in which the OH is attached to the secondary carbon atom. This means the carbon atom is attached to two alkyl groups

Question 47

What is a tertiary alcohol

Answer 47

An alcohol in which the OH is attached to the tertiary carbon atom. This means the carbon atom is attached to three alkyl groups.