module 4

Question 1

gram positive bacteria vs gram negative

Answer 1

gram positive - thick peptoglycan layer no outer membrane
gram negative - thin layer and outer membrane

Question 2

broad spectrum antibiotic

Answer 2

tetracycline

Question 3

broad spectrum antibiotic

Answer 3

tetracycline

Question 4

narrow spectrum antibiotic

Answer 4

penicillin g

Question 5

classification of antibiotics by biochemical pathway

Answer 5

cell wall synthesis inhibitors
DNA synthesis inhibitors
protein synthesis inhibitors
metabolic inhibitors

Question 6

this antibiotic functions to stop the proper formation of the bacterial cell wall and membrane influencing the structural integrity of the cell

Answer 6

cell wall synthesis inhibitors such as penicillins or cephalosporins

Question 7

this antibiotic inhibits DNA replication in bacteria, preventing bacterial growth

Answer 7

DNA synthesis inhibitors such as fluoroquinolones

Question 8

this antibiotic inhibits protein translation within bacteria inhibiting protein synthesis

Answer 8

protein synthesis inhibitors such as tetracyclines and macrolides

Question 9

this antibiotic blocks the formation of key bacterial metabolic substrates needed for bacteria to survive and reproduce

Answer 9

metabolic inhibitors such as anti folate drugs

Question 10

cell wall synthesis antibiotics

Answer 10

penicillin g
methicillin
ampicillin and amoxicillin
amoxicillin and cavulanic acid

Question 11

inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis

Answer 11

fluoroquinolones

Question 12

inhibit formation of bacterial cell walls by inhibiting transpeptidase

Answer 12

penicillins/ cephalosporins

Question 13

inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunits preventing the addition of amino acids to the protein chains

Answer 13

tetracyclines, protein synthesis inhibitor

Question 14

inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits preventing and blocking peptide bond formation

Answer 14

macrolide a protein synthesis inhibitor

Question 15

block folate metabolism by inhibiting PABA incorporation into dihydropteroic acid

Answer 15

sulfonamides

Question 16

block folate metabolism by inhibiting dihydrofolic acid reductase

Answer 16

trimethoprim

Question 17

bacteriostatic

Answer 17

inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria

Question 18

bacteriacidal

Answer 18

directly kills bacteria

Question 19

macrolides and tetracycline fall under what class of antibiotic

Answer 19

protein synthesis inhibitors

Question 20

what is the difference between the mechanism of action of tetracyclines and macrolides

Answer 20

tetracyclines bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit of the mRNA ribosome complex and prevents the addition of amino acids to the protein chain

macrolides bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit and blocks the formation of the peptide bond

Question 21

examples of antifolates a metabolic inhibitor

Answer 21

sulfonamides and trimethoprim

Question 22

combination antifolates such as sulfamethoxazole or trimethoprime are used for treating what types of infection

Answer 22

UTIs, respiratory and gi tract infections

Question 23

antimicrobials include

Answer 23

antibiotics anti fungal antivirals and anti parasitic drugs

Question 24

two major factors associated with the development of antibiotic resistance

Answer 24

evolution of bacteria and clinical and environmental factors such as misuse

Question 25

causes of antibiotic resistance

Answer 25

over prescription inappropriate use ( premature discontinuation) use in agriculture

Question 26

4 methods that organisms become resistant

Answer 26

uptake - mutations or lack of pores target - mutation in the target inactivation - enzyme that deactivate drug efflux pumps - over expression of transports

Question 27

anti fungal drugs

Answer 27

echinocandins and amidazoles or azoles

Question 28

azoles mechanism of action

Answer 28

they inhibit fungal p450 cytochrome thereby inhibiting ergosterol synthesis. ergotsterol is critical for cell wall function and survival. selective toxicity in azoles lies in their higher affinity for fungal p450 than human

Question 29

a narrow spectrum penicillin that destroys mainly gram positive bacteria. used to treat pneumonia middle ear infections and meningitis

Answer 29

penicillin G

Question 30

a penicillin that is resistant to attack by penicillinase

Answer 30

methicillin

Question 31

broad spectrum penicillin useful against a range of infections caused by gram negative bacteria

Answer 31

ampicillin and amoxicillin

Question 32

a semisynthetic penicillin plus an inhibitor of penicillinase that was introduced into therapy to combat penicillins producing strains of bacteria

Answer 32

amoxicillin and cavulanic acid

Question 33

which penicillin is resistant to the action of penicillinase

Answer 33

methicillin

Question 34

co- trimoxazole is a combination of what two drugs?

Answer 34

trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole

Question 35

mechanism of action: antifolates

Answer 35

tetrahydrofolic acid a folate, is essential for bacteria to synthesize DNA. if not formed bacteria growth will slow. both sulfonamides and trimethoprim sulfonamides inhibit PABA incorporation into dihydropteroic acid. they are selectively toxic to bacteria trimethoprim inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolic acid reductase thus inhibiting tetrahydrofolic acid formation. selectively toxic to bacteria because it has greater inhibitory actions on the bacterial enzyme than on the human enzyme

Question 36

potential male contraceptives

Answer 36

androgens estrogens progestins and androgen gossypol

Question 37

spermatogenisis

Answer 37

hypothalamus release GnRH which stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH. in males, FSH stimulates the seminiferous tubules in the testes to produce sperm. while LH stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone. leydig cells are found adjacent to the semininerarous tubules i. the testes testosterone in the hormone responsible for male secondary sex characteristics and the presence of testosterone in the body inhibits the hypothalamus from releasing more GnRH. this prevents over production of testosterone

Question 38

spermatogenesis mechanism of action

Answer 38

attempts to create male contraceptives by inhibiting the release of gonadotropin release hormone and thus spermatogenesis also decreases testosterone production which leads to the adverse effect of a decrease in sex drive

Question 39

what benefits would a local injectable non hormonal form of male contraceptives has over hormonal

Answer 39

a non hormonal form of male contraceptives would avoid all the side effects related to administering hormones such as increased aggression, decreased libido or the development of feminine characteristics. additionally an injectable form of contraceptive allows the patient to ensure contraceptive protection before engaging in sexual activity

Question 40

adverse side effects of male hormonal contraceptives

Answer 40

increased agresssion decreased libido development of feminine characteristics

Question 41

most effective female contraceptive and least

Answer 41

iud both perfect use and typical use progestin only is the least effective

Question 42

pros and cons for oral contraceptives

Answer 42

most convenient and least expensive non invasive variable amount of absorption due to differences in intestinal motility

Question 43

pros and cons of the shot or depo. contraceptive

Answer 43

patients do not control dosing so it delivers a steady supply for set periods avoids first pass effect volume of drug is limited and it’s more invasive

Question 44

the patch pros and cons

Answer 44

convenient delivers steady drug supply for set period and avoids the first pass effect expensive and causes local irritation

Question 45

this antiviral is a neuroamidase inhibitor used to treat the flu

Answer 45

oseltamivir

Question 46

two types of antivirals

Answer 46

acyclover and oseltamivir

Question 47

this antivirus is activated by the virus and then inhibits viral DNA replication. drug of choice for herpes of vzu

Answer 47

acyclover