Module 4

Question 1

What are the basic inborn emotions?

Answer 1

Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust

Question 2

When does the social smile usually appear?

Answer 2

Around 2 months

Question 3

When do negative emotions appear?

Answer 3

Around 6 months

Question 4

When do self-conscious emotions appear?

Answer 4

15-18 months

Question 5

What is emotion regulation?

Answer 5

Ability to control emotions

Question 6

When do voluntary motor behaviors typically begin?

Answer 6

Around 3 months

Question 7

When does self soothing appear?

Answer 7

Around 12 months

Question 8

When can children act on distressing situations?

Answer 8

Around 18 months

Question 9

What is sensitive caregiving?

Answer 9

Modeling, reinforcement, touch

Be considerate of what child needs and how to comfort

Question 10

What is social referencing?

Answer 10

Child looks to other people for how to react

Question 11

How does exposure to early life stress affect an infant?

Answer 11

Trauma can exert biological effects on emotional development
Can also disrupt the caregiving environemnt

Question 12

What are emotional display rules?

Answer 12

Which emotions are considered acceptable to culture

Question 13

What is stranger wariness?

Answer 13

The fear of unfamiliar people

This is usually common in north America but not so much in other cultures

Question 14

What determines the temperament?

Answer 14

Biology and genetics

Question 15

What are the three main styles of temperament?

Answer 15

Easy temperament - positive mood, even-tempered, adaptable

Difficult temperament - irritable and irregular in biological rhythms

Slow to warm up - moody, inactive, and slow to adapt

Question 16

What are the other three temperament dimensions proposed by Mary Rothbart?

Answer 16

Extraversion - Socialable, energetic
Negative affectivity - Negative mood
Effortful control - Regulate own emotions

Question 17

What is goodness of fit?

Answer 17

How well the child fits with their environment

Question 18

What are some cultural differences in temperament?

Answer 18

Baby that is not encouraged to express emotion will usually be easy temperament

Question 19

What influences an infant’s temperament?

Answer 19

Caregiver bond and the caregivers temperament

Question 20

What is attachment?

Answer 20

The lasting emotional bond between people, usually effects emotional and social development

Question 21

What is Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of attachment?

Answer 21

Is an adaptive behavior that has evolved for survival

Question 22

What is an internal working model?

Answer 22

Childs expectations about whether they are worthy of love and how they will be treated

If child does not trust the parent, then they will not trust other people

Question 23

What was Ainsworth’s Strange Situation?

Answer 23

A test done to test the type of attachment style a child demonstrates

Question 24

What are the four main attachment styles?

Answer 24

Secure - Child feels safe, and explores room with caregiver as the base

Insecure avoidant - Child shows little interest in caregiver

Insecure resistant - Child is clingy at first and gets upset when mom leaves, clingy but does not want attention from mom

Insecure disorganized - Child shows inconsistent responses, seen as insecure or confused

Question 25

What is the outcome for a child with secure attachment?

Answer 25

Positive socioemotional development

Question 26

What are some things that influence attachment?

Answer 26

Caregiver giving consistent, sensitive response Affects of conflict and environment Angry tones can upset baby Insecure avoidant usually comes from caregiver unavailability

Question 27

How does maternal depression affect attachment?

Answer 27

Difficulty of care Mothers become less responsive and affectionate More negative behaviors and emotions But, infant can still form secure attachment as long as basic needs are still met

Question 28

What factors can affect the stability of attachment?

Answer 28

Low SES, family, and community stressors, and availability of support can influence stability of attachment

Question 29

What are some differences in attachment across cultures?

Answer 29

Western cultures emphasize individuality while Eastern cultures emphasize collectivism Western Europe tends to have more avoidant attachment Japan has a more resistant attachment Avoidant is not seen in West Africa

Question 30

What is self-awareness?

Answer 30

The ability to physically separate self from environment Infants start to realize that their behaviors have effects when they interact with other people/objects

Question 31

What is self recognition? What connections are formed in the brain?

Answer 31

It is the ability to recognize self, encourages connections between the frontal and the temporoparietal lobes

Question 32

What is the categorical self?

Answer 32

Self description based on broad categories

Question 33

What is self-control? What part of the brain is this associated with?

Answer 33

One must be aware of oneself as separate from others to comply with requests/modify behavior Associated with frontal lobe development