Module 4 Flashcards by Randel Escobar

What amplifies Postmortem Autolysis

Bacterial Decomposition

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What are the FACTORS accelerating Autolysis

High Temperature:
1. Fever
2. High Metabolic Rate
3. Heat Stroke
4. Exercise before death

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What temperature in which autolysis is inhibited

5 degree Celsius

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In Rigor Mortis the contraction of muscle occurs _______ hours after death

1-6 hours

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In Rigor Mortis persists for how long?

1-2 days

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The postmortem change which happens in cooling of the carcass or cadaver

Algor Mortis

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The postmortem change which happens due to the gravitational pooling of blood to the downside of the animal

Livor Mortis

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Livor Mortis is also known as?

Hypostatic Congestion

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This is the red staining of tissues after death

Hemoglobin Inhibition

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Give examples of Postmortem Changes

Rigor Mortis
Algor Mortis
Livor Mortis
Postmortem Clotting
Hemoglobin Inhibition
Bile Inhibition
Pseudomelanosis
Postmortem Bloat
Postmortem Autolysis
Lens Opacity

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This is the uptake and intracellular degradation of damaged organelles.

Autophagocytosis

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This is when phagocytic white cells ingest dead or dying cells (similar to autophagy).

This is the removal of particles brought into the cell

Heterophagy

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is an increase in the size of cells or organs. The cells are bigger and occur in most organs and tissues but tend to occur in cells that undergo little replication

HYPERTROPHY

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What are the two causes of HYPERTROPHY

Physiologic HYPERTROPHY
Compensatory HYPERTROPHY

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is used in gross pathology to describe lesions that involve gross enlargement of an organ regardless of cause.

HYPERTROPHY

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is an increase in the number of cells;
increased mitotic division is implied.

HYPERPLASIA

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It increases the size of a tissue, an organ, or part of an
organ and may appear grossly as hypertrophy.

HYPERPLASIA

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Form of Hyperplasia: Hormonal or compensatory

Physiologic Hyperplasia

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Form of Hyperplasia:
Often caused by excessive hormonal stimulation or chronic irritation

Pathologic Hyperplasia

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This is characterized when a cell type is
replaced by another adult cell type of the same
germ line.

Metaplasia

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The type of change in which specialized epithelium is replaced by less specialized epithelium.

Metaplasia

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This adaptive change is marked by the decrease in size or amount of a cell, tissue, or organ after normal growth has been reached

Atrophy

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This adaptive change is due to the decreased number and/or size of cells.

ATROPHY

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is the decrease in the size of a tissue caused by a reduction in the number of cells
(usually by apoptosis) and is usually used to refer to physiological processes.

Involution

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The intrinsic decrease in size of a cell

Involution

The extrinsic decrease in size of cell

Atrophy

is the failure of the development of an organ or part of an organ to its normal size.

HYPOPLASIA

is the reversion of cells into a more primitive and undifferentiated type, similar to that of an embryo.

ANAPLASIA

refers to disturbed cell development and maturation, resulting in abnormalities in size, shape, and organization of cells.

DYSPLASIA

Is the formation of new cells or tissue types.

Neoplasia

Intracellular accumulations can be?

1. Normal cellular constituent 2. Abnormal substance 3. Pigments

Give examples of Exogenous substances

Minerals and/or infectious agents

Intracellular Accumulations : Accumulation of triglycerides and other lipid metabolites (neutral fats and cholesterol) within parenchymal cells.

Lipidosis (Fatty Change)/ Fatty Degeneration

Intracellular Accumulations: Lipidosis (Fatty Change) is commonly detected as an alteration in the?

Liver, heart muscles, skeletal muscle and kidney

Intracellular Accumulations: Accumulation of fats/adipocytes in the extracellular part of the tissue

Fatty Infiltration

Intracellular Accumulations : What term identifies the abnormal intracellular accumulation of glycogen, often seen in hepatocytes under altered metabolic conditions?

Glycogen accumulation

Intracellular Accumulations : What is the term for the intracellular accumulation of protein that appears “glassy” and eosinophilic?

Protein Accumulation (Hyaline Change)

Extracellular Accumulations: are extracellular proteinaceous substances that appear histologically and ultrastructurally similar.

Amyloid

Extracellular Accumulations: What term describes the proteinaceous casts formed in renal tubules as a result of proteinuria?

Hyaline Casts

Extracellular Accumulations: Derived from "starchlike," as it will turn blue when treated with iodine and sulfuric acid.

Amyloid

Extracellular Accumulations: It compresses adjacent parenchymal cells, causing atrophy or death from compression and/or ischemia.

Amyloid

Extracellular Accumulations: This is related to thrombosis and hemorrhage.

Fibrinoid Change

Extracellular Accumulations: These substances are subendothelial hyaline deposits, primarily seen in arterioles of the brain stem in pigs

Plasma proteins

Extracellular Accumulations: found in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); often visible in glomerular capillaries and pulmonary alveolar capillaries

Hyaline microthrombi

Extracellular Accumulations: Deposition of sodium urate crystals or urates in tissues

Gout

Extracellular Accumulations: Deposits of calcium pyrophosphate crystals.

Pseudogout

Extracellular Accumulations: Indicate sites of old hemorrhage or tissue necrosis.

Cholesterol Crystals

Extracellular Accumulations: Membrane-bound structures with cellular debris.

Autophagic Vacuoles

Extracellular Accumulations: Form in host cells during viral infection.

Viral Inclusion Bodies

Extracellular Accumulations: Acid-fast, irregularly shaped intranuclear inclusions found in renal tubular epithelial cells during lead poisoning.

Lead Inclusion Bodies

is the process of deposition in dead, dying, or normal tissue of calciumsalts usually in the form of phosphates or carbonates.

Calcification (Pathologic Calcification)

Type of Calcification that occurs in dying tissue/ tissue destruction despite normal calcium levels.

Dystrophic Calcification

Type of Calcification that occurs in normal tissue due to hypercalcemia (High levels of Ca).

Metastatic Calcification

This is the extensive metastatic calcification

Calcinosis

What is the term for the localized calcium deposition in tissues seen in patients sensitized by vitamin D, iron, or parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Calciphylaxis

What is the term for the deposition of exogenous carbon pigment in the lungs, often resulting from inhalation (commonly called “black lung”)?

Anthracosis

What is the name given to pigments that are deliberately introduced into the dermis for cosmetic or identification purposes?

Tattoos

What term describes the accumulation of inhaled dust particles in the lung

Pneumoconiosis

What is the name for fat-soluble pigments derived from plants that can serve as precursors to vitamin A?

Carotenoid Pigments

Also called lipochrome pigments.

Carotenoid Pigments

Tetracycline-based antibiotics administered during tooth development are deposited in dentin, enamel, and cementum, staining teeth yellow or brown.

Tetracycline

What is the term for the deposition of calcium-containing dust in the lungs?

Chalicosis

What is the term for the deposition of silicon-containing dust in the lungs?

Silicosis

What is the term for the deposition of asbestos fibers in the lungs?

Asbestosis

What is the “wear‐and‐tear” pigment that accumulates in aging cells, often seen as a granular, yellow-brown pigment?

Lipofuschin

A similar pigment of lipofuscin that accumulates in nervous tissues and viscera, associated with blindness, mental dullness, and abnormal behavior in cattle, dogs, and cats.

Ceroid

Excessive melanin deposition leads to

Melanosis

What is the name of the orange bile pigment produced by the breakdown of heme?

Bilirubin

What is the term for the insoluble form of intracellular iron storage that accumulates when there is excess iron?

Hemosiderin

What term describes the cyclic tetrapyrrole compounds that are the basis for respiratory pigments in blood cells?

Porphyrins

What is the pigment formed when blood comes into contact with acidic formalin, also known as acid formalin hematin?

Formalin Pigment

What is the name of the pigment produced from parasitic activity (e.g., by liver flukes) that results in characteristic inclusions?

Parasite Hematin

What is the pigment formed when blood comes into contact with acidic formalin,

Formalin Pigment/acid formalin hematin

What is the mechanism called in which macrophages remove necrotic tissue by phagocytosis?

Phagocytosis

What term describes the formation of clots in blood vessels that occurs after death

Postmortem clotting

What is the term for the postmortem change in which bile secretion is inhibited, affecting the appearance of tissues?

Bile inhibition

What postmortem phenomenon is characterized by the deposition of pigment that resembles melanin but is not true melanin

Pseudomelanosis

What is the term for the postmortem accumulation of gas in tissues that causes bloat, often referred to as emphysema?

Postmortem Bloat

Small eosinophilic structure in cytoplasm as a compensatory functional change due to increased secretion or estrophy

Hyaline droplets

Cholesterol clefts collects as crystals in tissue after damage and are arranged in what manner/shape?

Picket-fence like group

These are deposits of lipid storage diseases in neurons

Gangliosides

This is the accumulation of cholesterol clefts and lipids in avian macrophages

Xanthomoniasis

These are circular laminated concretions in glandular tissues or secretions

Corpora amylacea

These are amorphous bright eosinophilic material on wall of blood vessels

Fibrinoid

This happens due to excess amount of cholebilirubin or hemobilirubin in blood.

Icterus / Jaundice

Give the hemoglobin derivatives

1. Bilirubin 2. Hemosiderin 3. Prophyrin

This is a disturbance in fat metabolism, in which there is fat accumulation in adipose tissue - storage sites

Depo fat

This is a disturbance in fat metabolism, in which there is fat accumulation in adipose tissue - cell cytoplasm

Protoplasmic fat

What disturbance in calcium metabolism is due to PDS in puppies

Calcinosis circumscripta

This is a disturbance in cell metabolism in which cells are swollen, nuclei are indistinct and there is imbibition of water

Cell swelling

This is a disturbance in cell metabolism in which there is imbibition of water that may become so great the the cell burst

Hydrophic degeneration/ serous infiltration

This is the removal of degenerate products formed inside the cells

Autophagy

This is the budding off as external blebs

Exocytosis

This is the budding in as internal blebs

Endocytosis

Module 4 Flashcards

(94 cards)