Module 4

Question 1

_ deals with the calculation of the amount of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

Answer 1

Chemical stoichiometry

Question 2

_ practically follows the same procedure in quantifying the amount of solute and solvent present in aqueous solutions, or establishing the concentration of the precipitate in a gravimetric or in a precipitation reaction.

Answer 2

Solution stoichiometry

Question 3

_ is the process of reducing the
concentration of the solute in a concentrated solution.
A concentrated solution

Answer 3

Dilution

Question 4

A _ contains higher amounts of solute.

Answer 4

concentrated solution

Question 5

_ or small fractions of test samples

Answer 5

aliquots

Question 6

samples containing very little amounts of the substance of interest

Answer 6

analyte

Question 7

_ is the process of determining the volume of the titrant needed to react with the analyte in the solution.

Answer 7

Titration

Question 8

A _ is a solution that has a known amount of concentration.

Answer 8

titrant

Question 9

_ is a set of analytical methods wherein the amount of the target analyte in the sample is determined from the volume of the titrant needed to completely react with the target analyte in the solution.

Answer 9

Volumetric analysis, or volumetric titrimetry

Question 10

An _ is usually added prior to the addition of the titrant onto the sample being analyzed.

Answer 10

indicator

Question 11

The _ is any physical change that the indicator manifests upon the addition of a titrant.

Answer 11

endpoint

Question 12

The endpoint normally coincides with its _, or the point at which the titrant has completely reacted with the analyte.

Answer 12

equivalence point

Question 13

An _ is a substance that yields H* ions in water.

Answer 13

acid

Question 14

A _ is a substance that yields OH; ions in water.

Answer 14

base

Question 15

_ (1879-1947) and _ (1874-1936) defined acid as a proton donor and base as a proton acceptor.

Answer 15

Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted and Thomas Martin Lowry

Question 16

proton donor

Answer 16

acid

Question 17

proton acceptor

Answer 17

base

Question 18

_ involves the transfer of electrons from one substance to another.

Answer 18

Oxidation-reduction (redox) titration

Question 19

_ is a type of redox titration wherein the liberated iodine (I,) from the reaction of copper with iodide ions (I-) is titrated with standard thiosulfate (S,03-)solution.

Answer 19

Iodometric titration

Question 20

The loss of electron(s) in a substance.

Answer 20

oxidation

Question 21

The gain of electron(s).

Answer 21

reduction

Question 22

The substance that gains electrons.

Answer 22

oxidizing agent

Question 23

The substance that loses electrons.

Answer 23

reducing agent

Question 25

GEROA

Answer 25

Gain of Electrons leads to Reduction of Oxidizing Agents

Question 26

LEORA

Answer 26

Loss of Electrons leads to Oxidation of Reducing Agents

Question 27

In _, the analyte is precipitated in solution using a standard solution of a precipitating agent.

Answer 27

precipitation or saturation titration

Question 28

The _, the precipitating agent is added directly to the analyte sample.

Answer 28

direct precipitation method

Question 29

The _, an excess of the precipitating agent is added and then determined quantitatively by titration.

Answer 29

indirect precipitation method

Question 30

The _ is an indirect method used in determining halides (Cl, Br, or I-).

Answer 30

Volhard method

Question 31

The _ is generally used in determining chloride or bromide.

Answer 31

Mor method

Question 32

The _ involves titrating a neutral AgNO, solution with a neutral solution of NaCl in the presence of fluorescein (CH,,%) dye as indicator.

Answer 32

Fajans method

Question 33

_ are used to determine the presence of different metal ions in solutions.

Answer 33

Complexometric titrations

Question 34

(formation of solid deposits)

Answer 34

Scaling

Question 35

(also known as fluorexon or fluorescein complex)

Answer 35

calcein

Question 36

Weigh the sample using an analytical balance. Decompose the sample and obtain a sample solution. Isolate the analyte from the solution by precipitation. Separate the precipitate formed via filtration. Dry, ignite, and constantly weigh the precipitate.

Answer 36

Gravimetric analysis

Question 37

The _ refers to the property of the solution that depends on the number of solute particles present.

Answer 37

colligative property

Question 38

The amount of solute affects the physical properties of the solvent. For instance, a nonelectrolyte solute has the following effects on the solvent:

Answer 38

1. Increases the boiling point of the solvent 2. Decreases the freezing point of the solvent 3. Lowers the vapor pressure of the solvent

Question 39

Colligative properties can be used to conveniently determine the _ and to characterize the nature of the solute particles in the solution.

Answer 39

molar masses of nonelectrolyte substances

Question 40

The presence of a nonelectrolyte solute in a given solution causes the vapor pressure of the solution to decrease.

Answer 40

Vapor Pressure Lowering

Question 41

Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions

Answer 41

Vapor Pressure Lowering Boiling Point Elevation Freezing Point Depression Osmotic Pressure

Question 42

_ states that the vapor pressure of a nonelectrolyte solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in a solution.

Answer 42

Raoult's law

Question 43

_ exist in the absence of significant (nonidentical) solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent interactions.

Answer 43

Ideal solutions

Question 44

In _, should the solvent form hydrogen bonds with solute particles, which is a strong interaction, the anticipated vapor pressure lowering may even be much lower as predicted by Raoult's law (negative deviation).

Answer 44

nonideal solutions

Question 45

The _ is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is 1.01 × 105Pa.

Answer 45

normal boiling point of a liquid

Question 48

At the _ of a pure solvent, the rate of solid formation is equal to the rate of liquid formation.

Answer 48

freezing point

Question 49

The decrease in the freezing temperature.

Answer 49

freezing point depression

Question 50

_ is an important process in biological applications, such as the production of drinking water through reverse osmosis (desalination process), meat preservation, and maintenance of red blood. _ ensures that cells in our body get repaired and stay healthy. cells. _ is the tendency of solvent molecules to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a more concentrated region.

Answer 50

Osmosis

Question 51

The pressure exerted by the additional height of solution.

Answer 51

hydrostatic pressure

Question 52

_ is a technique used to measure the osmotic pressure of the solution containing a known amount of solute.

Answer 52

Osmometry

Question 54

is equal to its atmospheric pressure (1.01 x 105 Pa). The normal boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is 1.01 × 105 Big Idea The presence of a solute raises the boiling point of a solution. Pa.