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Pathophysiology Cardiac > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How blood distributed throughout the circulatory pathway @ any 1 time?

A

70% in systemic circulation

18% in pulmonary circulation

12% in coronary circulation –> small organ BUT large demand for blood supply

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2
Q

Of that 70% in systemic circulation, how much is in the arterial system?

A

16%

**called “stressed” volume

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3
Q

Of that 70% in systemic circulation, how much is in the venous system?

A

54%

**largest “reservoir” of blood volume in body; called “unstressed” volume

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4
Q

How does the pressure gradient change in the heart (from when blood enters the heart to when it is pumped into systemic circulation)?

A

Enters @ 0 - 4 mmHg

Leaves @ 100+ mmHg

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5
Q

How does the pressure gradient change in systemic circulation (from when it enters systemic circulation to when it returns to heart)

A

Enters @ 100+ mmHg

Leaves @ 0 - 4 mmHg

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6
Q

What is the pressure in the right atria?

A

0 - 8 mmHg

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7
Q

What is the systolic and end diastolic pressures of the right ventricles?

A

Systolic = 15 - 28 mmHg (has to pump blood through pulmonary valve)

End Diastolic = 0 - 8 mmHg

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8
Q

What is the systolic and diastolic pressures in the pulmonary trunk?

A

Systolic = 15 - 30 mmHg

Diastolic = 3 - 12 mmHg

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9
Q

What is the pressure in the pulmonary capillaries?

A

10 mmHg

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10
Q

What is the pressure in the pulmonary veins?

A

4 - 12 mmHg

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11
Q

What is the pressure in the left atria?

A

4 - 12 mmHg

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12
Q

What is the systolic and end diastolic pressures in the left ventricle?

A

Systolic = 90 - 140 mmHg –> needs to pump blood systemically

End Diastolic = 4 - 12 mmHg

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13
Q

What is the systolic and diastolic pressures in the aorta?

A

Systolic = 96 - 140 mmHg

Diastolic = 60 - 90 mmHg

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14
Q

What is the pressure in the capillaries?

A

20 - 40 mmHg

**except renal capillaries = 45 mmHg –> encourage filtration

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15
Q

What is the pressure in the vena cava?

A

4 mmHg

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica Intima

Tunica Media

Tunica Externa

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17
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

Smooth frictionless inner layer

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18
Q

What is the tunica intima made of?

A

endothelium

basement membrane

thin connective tissue

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19
Q

What is the tunica media made of?

A

Smooth muscle

Elastic fiber

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20
Q

What is the tunica externe?

A

Thin layer of connective tissue

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21
Q

Which arteries are considered elastic arteries?

A

Pulmonary Trunk

Aorta

Major Branches

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22
Q

What is the composition of the tunica media in elastic arteries?

A

Thick

Elastin > Smooth Muscle –> stretch to absorb systolic volume of blood and recoil to return to original diameter

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23
Q

Describe the blood flow in elastic arteries

A

High Pressure

High Veolicity

Small Total Cross Sectional Area

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24
Q

Which arteries are considered muscular arteries?

A

Medium/small size arteries

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25
What is the composition of the tunica media in muscular arteries?
Less elastin, more smooth muscle than elastic arteries --> distributes blood flow to arterioles throughout the body
26
What do arterioles/metarterioles do?
Act as controller to direct blood to capillary beds @ slow/low pressure flow
27
How does the pressure change as it enters arterioles to as it leaves arterioles?
Enters ~ 90 - 100 mmHg Leaves ~ 25 - 35 mmHg **largest drop in arterial pressures
28
What is the composition of the tunica media in arterioles?
Thin Mostly smooth muscle Minimal elastin **regulate blood flow into capillary beds via pre capillary sphincters
29
Describe the blood flow in arterioles
Decreasing pressure Decreasing velocity Increasing total cross sectional area
30
What are the intrinsic controllers of arterioles?
Metabolic demands: O2 Levels CO2 Levels
31
What are the extrinsic controllers of arterioles?
Autonomic Nervous System: Mostly Sympathetic Innervation
32
What are capillaries made of?
Single endothelial layer w/ basement membrane NO tunica media or tunica externa
33
Describe blood flow through capillaries
Low pressure Slow velocity HUGE total cross sectional area
34
What is the function of capillaries
Site of respiration (gas exchange) **any given moment 5% circulating blood in capillaries
35
Describe the composition of veins compared to arteries
Thinner more fibrous walls Less elasin Larger diameters
36
What is important about venous system in regards to blood volume?
Allows large blood volume fluctuations w/o dramatic blood pressure variations
37
What is a unique feature of veins?
1 way valves that help get blood back to the heart **fuctions as muscle pump
38
What are vein valves formed by?
In-folds of tunica intima
39
How does the respiratory pump influence venous return/arterial pressures?
Changes will promote venous return: Inspiration "Muscular Pump" during exercise
40
How does inspiration promote venous return?
Transiently decrease right atrial pressure --> allows for increased filling Venilation compresses IVC --> pushes more blood back into heart
41
How does the muscular pump during exercise promote venous return?
Combo of valves closing and contracting leg muscles compress blood toward heart
42
How is blood flow decree?
Volume per unit of time
43
What are the mechanical factors affecting blood flow?
Velocity Pressure of blood Laminar vs Turbulent flow Resistance
44
How is velocity describe?
Distance per unit of time
45
How is velocity related to blood flow?
Directly related **inversely related to TPR
46
How does pressure affected blood flow?
Pressure gradients; high --> low
47
What is laminar flow?
Smooth frictionless wall = smooth frictionless blood flow = increased blood flow
48
What is turbulent flow?
"Funny flow" = decreased blood flow
49
How is resistance related to blood flow?
Inversely related **increased resistance = decreased blood flow --> less volume per unit of time
50
What is the most resistance in blood flow due to?
Length/diameter of blood vessel --> vasoconstriction and vasodilation Viscosity of blood
51
How are viscosity and hematocrit related?
Viscosity will double if hematocrit increases from 40% - 60% **polycythema/dehydration decreases fluid volume
52
How is total peripheral resistance (TPR) related to blood flow?
Inversely related: ↓ TPR = ↑ arterial blood flow to tissues and ↑ blood flow to venous system. ↑ TPR = ↓ arterial blood flow to tissues and ↓ blood flow to venous system
53
How does the sympathetic nervous system influence total peripheral resistance?
Blood vessels --> vasoconstriction/vasodilation Heart --> increase HR/contractility
54
During a sympathetic fight or flight, which vessels are constricted and which are dilated?
Vasoconstriction = peripheral and Gi/GU blood vessels Vasodilation = Skeletal muscle/Heart/CNS --> promotes action/stress response
55
Which sympathetic receptors are responsible for vasoconstriction/vasodilation?
Dilation = β2 Constriction = α1
56
How does the parasympathetic nervous system influence total peripheral resistance?
Blood Vessels = Vasodilation --> promote energy uptake/conservation Heart = Atria ONLY --> decrease HR/contractility
57
Do parasympathetics innervate ventricles?
NO
58
Where are baroreceptors located?
Aorta Carotid Sinus
59
How do baroreceptors (stretch receptors) influence total peripheral resistance if there is an increased stretch (↑ BP)?
↑ parasympathetic output ↓ sympathetic output NET: ↓cardiac output (↓HR, ↓contractility) and ↑ systemic blood vessel dilation
60
How do baroreceptors (stretch receptors) influence total peripheral resistance if there is an increased stretch (↓ BP)?
↓ parasympathetic output ↑ sympathetic output NET: ↑cardiac output (↑HR, ↑contractility) and ↓ systemic blood vessel dilation
61
How do the arterial chemoreceptors influence total peripheral resistance?
Major role is in respiratory rate BUT they can vasodilate/vasocontrict blood vessels
62
What is compliance?
Ability of blood vessel to stretch per give increase of blood pressure
63
Describe the compliances of blood vessels
Veins = more compliant than aorta Aorta = more compliant than arterioles
64
What is elastance?
Ability of blod vessel to return to original diameter
65
Which vessels have greater elastance?
Arterial > venous
66
Describe what happens to the arterial system if there is a large blood volume change
Can't accommodate large blood volume change w/o large pressure increase
67
Describe what happens to the venous system if there is a large blood volume change
Reservoir system Can accommodate large blood volume change w/ only small increase of pressure

Pathophysiology Cardiac (4 decks)

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