module 4

Question 1

What is respiration

Answer 1

Process whereby energy stored on complex organic molecules (carbs fats and priteind) is used to make ATP and happens in living cells

Question 2

What is energy

Answer 2

The ability to do work

Question 3

What is ATP

Answer 3

A phosphorylated nucleotide and is the universal energy currency

Question 4

What is potential and kinetic energy

And what molecules have them?

Answer 4

Potential is stored energy
Organic molecules

Kinetic energy is energy if movement
Moving molecules

Question 5

3 things about energy

Answer 5

Can’t be created or destroyed but can be converted

Measured in joules or kilo joules

Has many forms

Question 6

Why do we need energy

Answer 6

For biological processes/metabolism

Question 7

What are anabolic and catabolic reaction

Answer 7

Anabolic
Smaller molecules into large ones

Catabolic
Large molecules broken down to smaller ones4

Question 8

7 metabolic processes that need energy.

Answer 8

Active transport

Secretion

Endocytosis

Synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones

Dna replication and synthesis of organelles before cell divides

Movement

Activation of chemicals

Question 9

Read book to explain processes that use energy

Answer 9

Just saying

Question 10

Why us it useful for catabolic reaction so release energy

Answer 10

Cz metabolic reactions are controlled by enzymes. Organisms need to maintain a suitable temp that allows enzyme action to proceed at a speed that will sustain life

Question 11

Where does energy come from

Answer 11

Photoautotrophs use sunlight energy in photosynthesis to make large organic molecules that contain chemical potential energy Which they and consumers and decomposer can then use

Question 12

What does respiration do with the energy

Answer 12

It releases it

Question 13

What happens when energy is released by respiration

Answer 13

It phosphorylate ADP making ATP

This phosphorylation also transfers energy to the ATP molecule

Question 14

Talk about the role of ATP

Answer 14

A phosphorylated nucleotide
In bith eukaryotic and prokaryotic
Molecule consists of adenosine (adenine and ribose sugar) plus 3 phosphate groups
Can be hydrolysed to ADP and Pi releasing energy

Question 15

What does it mean that ATP can be hydrolysed to release energy

Answer 15

Energy is immediately available to cells in small manageable amounts that will not damage the cell and will not be wasted

Question 16

Why is it you only have 5g of ATP at any given time

Answer 16

Cz ATP is continually being hydrolysed and resynthesised

Question 17

An example of what the hydrolysis of ATP is coupled with a synthesis reaction

Answer 17

Dna replication

Protein synthesis

Question 18

Synthesis reaction require energy, where do they get this energy from

Answer 18

Energy released from ATP hydrolysis

Question 19

4 stages if respiration of glucose

Answer 19

Glycolysis
The link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 20

Talk about glycolysis

Answer 20

Happens in cytoplasm of all cells
Doesn’t need oxygen and can take place in aerobic or anaerobic conditions
Glucose 6C is broken down to 2 pyruvate molecules 3C

Question 21

Talk about the link reaction

Answer 21

Happens in the matrix of mitochondria
Pyruvate dehydrogenated and decarboxylated
Pyruvate then converted to acetate

Question 22

Talk about Krebs cycle

Answer 22

Take a place in matric of mitochondria

Acetate dehydrogenated and decarboxylated

Question 23

Talk about oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 23

Takes place on cristae of mitochondria

This is where ADP is phosphorylated to ATP

Question 24

What’s to say about the last 3 stages

Answer 24

Only take place under aerobic conditions

Under anaerobic conditions pyruvate is converted toeither ethanol or lactate

Question 25

Why are coenzymes needed

Answer 25

Because when hydrogen atoms are removed from substrate molecules in oxidation reactions, the reactions are catalysed by dehydrogenase enzymes And enzyme aran et good at catalysing oxidation or reduction reactions So coenzymes are needed to help for respiration

Question 26

2 coenzyme examples x

Answer 26

NAD | coenzyme a

Question 27

What happens when a hydrogen atom us combined with a coenzyme such as nad

Answer 27

Carry the hydrogen atoms which can later be split into hydrogen ions and electrons, to the cristae Here they'll be involved in the process of oxidative phosphorylation which produces a lot of ATP Delivery of the hydrogens to the cristae repaid uses the coenzymes so they can combine with more hydrogen atoms from the first 3 stages of respiration

Question 28

Nad is an organic non protein molecule Made if 2 linked nucleotides Made in the body from vitamin b3 One nucleotide Contains the nitrigenous base adenine. The other contains a nicotinamide ring that can accept hydrogen atoms each of which can later be split into a hydrogen. Ion and an electron

Answer 28

Just saying

Question 29

What happens when a molecule of nad accepts 2 hydrogen atoms with their electrons

Answer 29

It becomes reduced Opposite is oxidised

Question 30

When does nad operate

Answer 30

During glycolysis Link reaction Krebs cycle And during anaerobic ethanol and lactate pathways

Question 31

What is coenzyme a made up of

Answer 31

A b group vitamin Ribose and adenine or adenosine The phosphate groups And cysteine and amino acid

Question 32

Function of coenzyme a

Answer 32

Carry ethanoate (acetate) groups, made from pyruvate during the link reaction , onto Krebs cycle. Can also carry acetate groups that have been made from fatty acids or from some amino acids onto Krebs cycle.

Question 33

What I'd oxidation

Answer 33

Reactions involve loss of electrons

Question 34

What is reduction

Answer 34

Reactions involve additions of electrons

Question 35

What is glycolysis

Answer 35

A metabolic pathway where each glucose molecule is broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate Occurs on cytoplasm of all living cells and is common to anaerobic and aerobic respiration

Question 36

What is Hexose

Answer 36

Sugars have six carbon atoms in each molecule

Question 37

What is hydrolysis

Answer 37

Breaking down of large molecules to smaller ones by addition if water

Question 38

Wat is triose

Answer 38

Sugars that have 3 carbon atoms in each molecule

Question 39

Glycolysis occur in eukaryotic or pro

Answer 39

Both

Question 40

How many relations does the glycolysis sequence have What else

Answer 40

10 | Each catalysed by a different enzyme

Question 41

What are the 4 stages of glycolysis

Answer 41

Phosphorylation Splitting of Hexose 1,6-bisphosphate Oxidation of triode phosphate Conversion of triose phosphate to pyruvate

Question 42

Talk about phosphorylation stage in term so glycolysis

Answer 42

One ATP is hydrolysed and the phosphate group releases is attached to the glucose molecule at carbon 6 Glucose 6 phosphate is changed to fructose 6 phosphate Another ATP molecules is hydrolysed and phosphate group attached to carbon 1 though Sugar is now called fructose 1,6-bisphosphate The energy from the hydrolysed ATP molecules activates the Hexose sugar and prevents it from being transported out if the cell We can refer to the activated, phosphorylated sugar as Hexose 1,6 bisphosphate The stage uses 2 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule

Question 43

What needs to happen to glucose before glycolysis AND why

Answer 43

It's molecules need to be activated before they can split into 2 This is cz it's a Hexose sugar and it's molecules are stable

Question 44

Talk about stage 2 | Splitting of Hexose 1,6-bisphosphate

Answer 44

Each molecule of Hexose 1,6-bisphosphate is split into 2 molecules of triose phosphate

Question 45

Talk about stage 3 oxidation of triose phosphate

Answer 45

3rd stage is anaerobic but involves oxidation 2 hydrogen atoms with their electrons are removed from the triose phosphate This involves dehydrogenase enzymes These enzymes are aided by coenzyme Nad which is a hydrogen acceptor Nad combines with hydrogen atoms and becomes reduced nad So 2 molecules of nad are reduced per molecule of glucose 2 molecules of ATP are also formed (called substrate level phosphorylation)

Question 46

Tall about stage 4 | Conversion of triose phosphate to pyruvate

Answer 46

4 enzyme catalysed reactions convert each triose phosphate molecule to a molecule of pyruvate Pyruvate is also a 3 carbon compound Another 2 molecules of ADP are phosphorylated to two molecules of ATP like third stage

Question 47

What are the products of glycolysis

Answer 47

2 molecules of ATP. 4 made but 2 were used to kick start process 2 molecules of reduced nad These will carry hydrogen atoms to the inner mitochondrial membranes and be used to generate more ATP during oxidative phosphorylation 2 pyruvate molecules Actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix for the next stage of aerobic respiration In the absence of oxygen it will be changed in the cytoplasm to lactate or ethanol 6

Question 48

``` Examiner tip Learn stages of glycolysis where ATP is used ATP is produced Nad is reduced ```

Answer 48

Just saying