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Exam 2 Review > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the basic structure of Skeletal Cartilage.

A

Contains no blood vessels or nerves. Surrounded by dense connective tissue of perichondrium that delievers nutrients to the cartilage.

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2
Q

This type of cartilage provides the greatest support, flexibility, and resilence also able to absorb shock

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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3
Q

This cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers

A

Elastic Cartilage

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4
Q

This type of cartilage has collagen fibers that gives it great tensile strength.

A

Fibrocartilage

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5
Q

Growth of Cartilage: cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage, preferred and fasted way of growth

A

Appositional growth

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6
Q

Cartilage Growth: Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix expanding the cartilage from within

A

Interstitial growth

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7
Q

What are the two pars of the skeleton?

A

Appendicular

Axial

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8
Q

This classification of bone says that they are longer then they are wide, what is the bone and give an example

A

Long bone
Humerus
Femur
Phalanges

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9
Q

This classification of bone says that cube shaped bones and another branch of this are small bones that grow in tendons what is the bone and give an example

A

Short bones
Sesamoid bones
Patella
Bones in wrist and foot

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10
Q

This classification of bones is they are flat, thin and sometimes have a slight curve, what is the bone and give an example

A

Flat bones
sternum
Breast bone

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11
Q

This classification of bone is a bone with a very complicated shape, if a bone is not considered short or flat they are considered this, what is the bone and give an example

A

Irregular

vertebra

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12
Q

What are the four main functions of bone?

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Storage

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13
Q

What are the two functions of bone that we couldnt live without?

A

Blood cell formation

Triglyceride storage

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14
Q

What is the word for blood cell formation in marrow cavities?

A

Hemopoiesis

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15
Q

Which bone texture is a dense outer layer that is extremely strong and has incredible strength resistance to bend

A

Compact Bone

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16
Q

Which bone texture is made of trabecular and it is found inside the bone where the marrow is found.

A

Spongy Bone

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17
Q

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

A

the Compact bone that surrounds the medularry cavity, the middle part of the bone

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18
Q

What are the distal and proximal epiphyses?

A

the top head and bottom head of the long bone that are made of spongy bone

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19
Q

What is contained in the heads of the long bones?

A

Epiphyseal line- growth plate

Articular cartilage

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20
Q

What is the inner osteogenic layer of the periosteum contain?

A

Osteoblasts - bone forming
Osteoclasts- bone destroying
Osteogenic cells- stem cells

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21
Q

What secures the periosteum to the underlying bone?

A

Sharpys fibers

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22
Q

What is the only tissue that can replace itself?

A

bone tissue

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23
Q

What is the delicate membrane on the internal surfaces of the bone?

A

Endosteum

24
Q

Periosteum covers the ______ on the outside of bone

A

Compact bone

25
Q

Endosteum covers the ______ from within

A

Spongy bone

26
Q

What is spongy bone called in flat bones?

A

Diploe

27
Q

Where can you find red marrow in adults?

A

The heads of long bones

28
Q

What is the Osteon known as in the structure of the compact bone?

A

also known as Harvarian System

and known as the strucutal unit of the compact bone

29
Q

What is the weight bearing tube like matrix of the compact bone?

A

Lamellae

30
Q

What is in the central haversian system?

A

blood vessels and nerves

31
Q

What are the canals that are at right angles to central canals and connect nerve and blood vessels to the periosteum and the central canal

A

Perforating or Volkmans Canals

32
Q

What are small cavities in compact bones that contain osteocytes?

A

Lacunae

33
Q

What are the hairlike structures that connect lacunea to eachother

A

Canaliculi

34
Q

What does spongy bone have instead of osteons?

A

Trabeculae

35
Q

What is contained in the chemical composition of the compact bone?

A

Osteoid
Ground Substance
Collagen fibers

36
Q

What is an osteoid?

A

Organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

37
Q

What is in the ground substance of compact bones?

A

Proteoglycans

Glycoprotiens

38
Q

What makes up the 65% of the composition of the inorganic parts of compact bone that makes up for its hardness?

A

Hydroxyapatites- mineral salts

Mainly calcium phosphate crystals

39
Q

What is CA necessary for in hormone control?

A

nerve impulses
muscle contraction
blood coagulation
cell divison

40
Q

What two hormones regulate our Ca2+ levels?

A

PTH

Calcitonin

41
Q

What does an intramembranous ossification form?

A

membranous bone like the crainial bone or the clavicle

42
Q

What does endocondral ossification do?

A

ossificates the rest of the skeleton by replacing cartilage with bone

43
Q

Where is the primary ossification center?

A

The center of the cartilage diaphysis

44
Q

Where is the second ossification center?

A

the center of the epipysis

45
Q

This happens at the epiphyseal growth plate and new bone is formed that replaces dead cartilage

A

Longitudinal growth

46
Q

Bone remodeling happens throughout life and _______ remove bone and _______ forms new bone

A

Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts

47
Q

A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed on it, this is known as….

A

Wolfs Law

48
Q

What is nondisplaced fracture?

A

Ends retain at the normal position

49
Q

What is a displaced fracture?

A

End out of normal alignment have to do something to put back into place

50
Q

What is a complete fracture?

A

The bone is broken all the way through and might displace later

51
Q

What is an incomplete fracture?

A

A bone that is not broken all the way through and heals easily

52
Q

What is a linear fracture?

A

Parallell to the long axis of the bone

53
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

Perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

54
Q

What is a compound fracture?

A

An open fracture where the bone penetracts the skin, increased chance of infection

55
Q

What is a simple fracture?

A

Bone does not penetrate skin

56
Q

What are the four stages of a fracture healing?

A

Hematoma forms
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms (most important)
Bony Callus Forms
The Bone remodels

57
Q

In this diease, the bone mass is reduced, bones are lighter and break easier, this is mainly due to a horomone change

A

Osteoporosis

Exam 2 Review (5 decks)

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