Module 4 Flashcards
Developmental Psychology (172 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?
A
Zygotic, embryonic, and fetal
2
Q
What happens during the period of the zygote?
A
Rapid cell division
3
Q
How can monozygotic twins result?
A
If the zygote is split during rapid cell division
4
Q
How does the period of the embryo start and end?
A
Start: Implantation in the uterine wall
End: All major bodily structures are formed.
5
Q
When does the period of the fetus begin?
A
At week 9 of gestation
6
Q
What happens during the period of the fetus?
A
Significant growth and refinement of the body plan
The fetus’ brain undergoes significant development up through the end of the pregnancy.
7
Q
What are teratogens?
A
Environmental substances or agents that negatively impact the developing organism during gestation, particularly during the period of the embryo
8
Q
Name 5 examples of teratogens.
A
Tobacco or Alcohol use during pregnancy
Specific medications
Illnesses
Radiation exposure
9
Q
What is the consequence of alcohol use during pregnancy?
A
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
10
Q
What is the consequence of thalidomide during pregnancy?
A
Fetal limb-shortening
11
Q
What are consequence of the contraction of the Zika virus during pregnancy?
A
Microcephaly (head smaller than normal)
Stillbirth
12
Q
True or False? Jean Piaget’s theories of cognitive development in childhood are CONSTRUCTIVIST and DIALECTICAL.
A
True
13
Q
What do Jean Piaget’s theories of cognitive development in childhood suggest?
A
The processes by which children assimilate, accommodate, and equilibrate to information as they develop
14
Q
What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?
A
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
15
Q
How long does the sensorimotor stage last and how is it characterized?
A
0-2 years
Learns about the world largely through motor abilities
16
Q
How long does the preoperational stage last and how is it characterized?
A
2–7 years of life
Can mentally represent the past, but experiences issues with animism and egocentrism; routinely fails at conservation tasks
17
Q
How long does the concrete operational stage last and how is it characterized?
A
7–11 years of life
Reasons well about concrete events and routinely passes conservation tasks; still experiences difficulty thinking and reasoning abstractly
18
Q
When does the formal operational stage occur?
A
12+ years
Able to think and reason about hypothetical situations and/or abstract problems
19
Q
What are attachment styles?
A
How children understand their relationships with important others such as parents
20
Q
Name the 4 attachment styles.
A
Secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, and disorganized
21
Q
Who investigated the development of morality?
A
Kohlberg
22
Q
What are the 3 stages of development related to moral reasoning?
A
Pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional
23
Q
Which dilemma can help differentiate the 3 stages of development related to moral reasoning?
A
The Heinz dilemma
24
Q
Which capabilities of the brain are shaped during adolescence?
A
Executive functioning capabilities
25
Why does risk taking often occurs in adolescence?
The prefrontal cortex not being fully mature yet
26
What is affected by the ability of disengaging from egocentric tendencies during adolescence?
Identity development
27
What is identity formation related to?
The amount of exploration a person has done and the amount of commitment given to an individual identity
28
How is adulthood characterized?
Fully developed frontal lobes and mental faculties
29
What is an extreme of declining cognitive faculties as we age?
Dementia
30
What is an important factor in the likelihood of dementia?
Neuroplasticity
31
What are ways to guard against dementia and protect one’s cognitive reserve?
Keeping active and experiencing lots of different things throughout life
32
What are social clocks?
Cultural understandings of what is “supposed to happen” at various points in our lives
33
What are the 4 adult attachment styles?
Secure, anxious-preoccupied, dismissive-avoidant, and fearful-avoidant attachments
34
What do adult attachment styles affect?
Intimate relationships and marriages
35
What is a major decision people make as they become adults and can significantly affect how a person sees him or herself as well as their psychological health?
Parenthood
36
What are considerable stressors that can force us to re-evaluate our lives as we approach the end of life?
Retirement and the death of loved ones
37
Who took a lifespan-oriented approach to development?
Erik Erikson
38
How many crises that people must face as they develop and mature did Erik Erikson describe?
8
39
Research in developmental psychology looking at the time course of development is either ____ or _____.
Longitudinal or cross-sectional
40
What does research on pre-verbal infants tend to focus on?
How reflexive and involuntary behaviors are shown in different situations
41
Name 3 examples of reflexive and involuntary behaviors.
Measuring the rate an infant sucks on a pacifier
Responses to novelty
Measuring looking time
42
What can be used to examine development as children get older?
Voluntary behaviors
43
What is a way of measuring memory?
Eliciting imitation
44
Explain the ethical problem for developmental researchers related to when a child should participate in research?
Children can give assent but not consent.
45
Name 2 challenges associated with developmental research.
Parents must be convinced to participate with their children.
Representative samples can be difficult to find.
46
What is development?
Growth and change over time, including changes that are progressive (e.g., learning to walk or talk) and regressive (e.g., declines in cognitive functioning with age)
47
True or False? Whether sleep habits are associated with academic achievement in university students would be studied by a developmental psychologist.
True
48
True or False? Whether changes in cognitive functioning are observed from adulthood into old age would be studied by a developmental psychologist.
False
49
True or False? How language develops over the first two years of life is social development.
False, how language develops over the first two years of life is COGNITIVE development.
50
As the ball of cells divides during the period of the zygote, it hollows out in the center. What is this hollow ball of cells called?
Blastocyst
51
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
A pregnancy that is the result of the fertilized egg implanting into the fallopian tube instead of the uterine wall
52
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
A pregnancy that results from the implantation of the blastocyst/fertilized egg into one of the fallopian tubes instead of the uterine wall
53
How is an ectopic pregnancy problematic?
The fallopian tube cannot expand to support a growing zygote or contract during childbirth.
54
When does the period of the zygote end?
2 weeks after conception, when the blastocyst implants in the uterine wall
55
True or False? Monozygotic twins are identical.
True
56
How are monozygotic/identical twins conceived?
The fertilized egg divides into two, resulting in two zygotes that have identical genetic information.
Therefore, identical twins are always of the same sex.
57
How are dizygotic/fraternal twins conceived?
Two eggs are released during the process of ovulation and are fertilized by different sperm, resulting in two zygotes with unique genetic makeups. As a result, fraternal twins may be of different sexes—they share no more genetic similarity to one another than do full siblings born years apart.
58
True or False? It is possible for a woman to be pregnant with dizygotic or fraternal twins that were conceived by sperm from two different men.
True
59
True or False? Dizygotic or fraternal twins are more alike genetically than two siblings who were born years apart.
False
60
How is development directed within the body?
Cephalocaudal (from the head to the tail)
| Proximodistal (from the internal organs outward towards the extremities)
61
True or False? Environment toxins are teratogens.
True
62
True or False? Maternal mental illness is a teratogen.
False
63
Why is it unethical to study the effects of teratogens directly on pregnant women?
It might negatively impact their developing infant.
64
During which period do teratogens exert their most negative effects and why?
During the period of the embryo because it is during then that most major bodily structures are being formed
65
True or False? Teratogens cannot cause any negative developmental effects before a woman knows she is pregnant.
False
66
True or False? The dose and timing of alcohol use have been definitively linked to infant and child outcomes.
False, the dose and timing of alcohol use have not yet been definitively linked to infant and child outcomes.
67
Name 3 effects that alcohol can have on the developing infant.
Damage to internal organs
Altered physical characteristics
Cognitive impairments
68
What is another term for alcohol effects on infant development?
Sleeper effect
69
Why was thalidomide used on pregnant women across the world?
The drug was effective at reducing sensations of nausea in pregnant women and they did not report any ill effects associated with the drug.
70
Why was thalidomide not used in the United States?
Dr. Frances Kelsey, a doctor at the FDA, delayed its use of thalidomide because there was not enough research on the effects of thalidomide use and too few safeguards were in place.
71
Besides microcephaly and stillbirth, stunted limb growth and altered brain development are also possible consequences of prenatal exposure to Zika.
False, possible consequences of prenatal exposure to Zika do not include stunted limb growth and altered brain development.
72
True or False? Pregnant women do not need to avoid traveling to areas of the world where Zika transmission has occurred.
False, pregnant women should avoid areas where Zika transmission has occurred.
73
Why is Piaget's theory considered as constructivist?
Because he believed that children are active contributors to their own learning and therefore construct their own knowledge
74
Why is Piaget's theory considered as dialectical?
Because he believed that the growth of cognitive structures occurs when individuals encounter conflicting information that alters their existing perspectives on the world
75
True or False? A child watching his mother as she tries to complete a difficult puzzle is an example of constructivism.
False
76
True or False? A child banging on different items with a wooden spoon to produce different sounds is an example of constructivism.
True
77
What is assimilation?
The incorporation of new information into existing cognitive structures
78
What is accommodation?
The creation of new cognitive structures to house new information
79
What is equilibration?
States in which cognitive structures agree with external realities
80
What is desequilibration?
States in which cognitive structures do not agree with external realities
81
True or False? According to Piagetian theory, everyone reaches the highest level of cognitive functioning.
True
82
How is the 1st substage of the sensorimotor period characterized?
Infants relate to the world using reflexes.
83
How is the 2nd substage of the sensorimotor period characterized?
Infants engage in PRIMARY circular reactions.
84
What are primary circular reactions?
Repeated actions of the infant on its own body
85
How is the 3rd substage of the sensorimotor period characterized?
Infants engage in SECONDARY circular reactions.
86
What are secondary circular reactions?
Repeated actions of the infant on objects outside of its own body
87
How is the 4th substage of the sensorimotor period characterized?
Object permanence is achieved.
88
What is object permanence?
An understanding that objects and individuals continue to exist even if they cannot be seen, a development that occurs around 9 months of age
89
How is the 5th substage of the sensorimotor period characterized?
Infants engage in TERTIARY circular reactions.
90
What are tertiary circular reactions?
Infants are "little scientists": they learn about the world by actively explore it by seeing how changes affect outcomes.
91
How is the 6th substage of the sensorimotor period characterized?
Children engage in mental representation.
92
What is mental representation?
When a child can remember and act on past experiences.
93
What is symbolic thinking and during which period is it developed?
The ability to use symbols to stand for other things
ex. Language to stand for complex feelings or ideas
During pre-operational period
94
What is animism?
Preschooler beliefs that stuffed toys and other inanimate objects have feelings
95
What is egocentrism?
Difficulty of children in adopting the perspective of another individual, as seen in children aged 2 to 7 in Piaget's developmental model
96
What are conservation tasks?
Physical qualities of an object remain unchanged despite changes to its physical appearance, a notion that children have difficulties understanding during the preoperational period.
97
When do children successfully achieve conservation tasks?
During the concrete operational period when children understand the 3 transformative principles
98
What are the 3 transformative principles and explain.
IDENTITY: Children realize that the transformations they observe do not alter the medium in any meaningful way.
COMPENSATION: They recognize that the imposed changes cancel each other out.
INVERSION: They realize that each of the processes imposed in conservation tasks is easily reversible.
99
Explain the difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of development.
While Piaget on stages of cognitive development with little regard for societal influences on cognitive growth and change over time, Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory portrayed cognitive development as a continuous process that was intimately linked to the context in which children were raised.
100
What is scaffold?
Cognitive support offered by a teacher to a learner to assist the learner to acquire new skills or knowledge. Such support is withdrawn when the learner can perform the skill on his/her own.
101
What is the zone of proximal development?
In Vygotsky's theory of learning, the distance between what a child can accomplish on his/her own and what he/she can accomplish with some assistance.
102
What is attachment?
The patterned behavior and emotional bond one forms with primary caregivers in infancy, which is associated with later behavior in adult romantic relationships
103
According to the video of Harlow's research, how much time did infant monkeys generally spend on their cloth mothers?
Approximately 17-18 hours per day
104
Which paradigm led to the identification of 3 primary attachment classifications?
The Strange Situation paradigm where an infant, her mother, and a stranger are placed in 8 unique situations
105
Which attachment style is associated with the following description?
Infants with this attachment classification were clingy and resisted separation from their caregivers, perhaps by holding onto their mother’s skirt as she tried to exit the room. These infants were fearful of the stranger when left alone with her and in some cases engaged in additional contact-maintaining behaviors with the mother when she reappeared.
Insecure-resistant
106
Which attachment style is associated with the following description?
These infants were comfortable playing in the novel room and interacting with the stranger as long as the mother was present. These infants became distressed when the mother left the room but seemed happy when she came back—infants crawled or walked to the mother for comfort and stopped crying after they were picked up.
Securely-attached
107
Which attachment style is associated with the following description?
These infants experienced minimal stranger anxiety when left alone with the stranger and showed little distress when their mother was absent. When their mothers returned, infants did not approach her for comfort or seem excited by her appearance—they actively avoided her, perhaps looking over to her but making limited attempts to interact with her.
Insecure-avoidant
108
Which attachment style is associated with the following description?
This attachment style is characterized by extreme fear and dissociation; infants with this attachment classification may demonstrate odd behaviors when interacting with their mothers, such as wanting to approach them while also seeking to move away (e.g., moving away from the mother with outstretched arms, as though wanting to be picked up).
Disorganized
109
What is the Heinz dilemma?
Kohlberg's primary vignette: Whether Heinz should have—or should not have—stolen the drugs needed to save his wife from cancer
110
What are the 3 primary stages of moral reasoning?
Pre-conventional morality, conventional morality, and post-conventional morality
111
What is pre-conventional morality?
The 1st stage of morality in which children think of morality in terms of punishments and rewards
112
What is conventional morality?
The 2nd stage of morality in which a child places value on social conventions, social order, and being viewed as "good" or "bad" by others
113
What is post-conventional morality?
The 3rd and final stage of morality in which someone bases moral decisions based on abstract principles instead of based on society or the judgment of others
114
What is adolescent egocentrism?
Adolescents' perception that others are focused on them, their feelings, and their actions
115
Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is associated with the following statement?
An adolescent thinking that she will not become pregnant even after repeated instances of unprotected sex
Personal fable
116
Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is associated with the following statement?
An adolescent thinking that everyone notices how her hair looks bad on a certain day
Imaginary audience
117
Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is associated with the following statement?
An adolescent thinking that everyone is talking about his recent break-up
Imaginary audience
118
Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is associated with the following statement?
An adolescent thinking she will not get injured while simultaneously driving her car and texting her friend
Personal fable
119
How many identity types are there?
4
120
Which identity type is associated with the following?
Low commitment and low exploration
Identity diffusion
121
Which identity type is associated with the following?
Low commitment and high exploration
Psychosocial moratorium
122
Which identity type is associated with the following?
High commitment and low exploration
Foreclosed identity
123
Which identity type is associated with the following?
High commitment and high exploration
Identity achievement
124
Which identity type is associated with the following statement?
A young woman decides to pursue a career as a plumber because her father was a plumber and that is what he always wanted her to be.
Foreclosed identity
125
Which identity type is associated with the following statement?
A young man cannot make any firm decisions about his future unsure of whether he would like to pursue a career in advertising¸ become a medical doctor or own a flower shop.
Identity diffusion
126
Which identity type is associated with the following statement?
A young woman has thoughtfully considered various career options and has decided to work towards becoming a physicist who works for NASA.
Identity achievement
127
Which identity type is associated with the following statement?
A young woman is in college and plans to take a gap year before pursuing graduate school in a field of interest that she has not yet identified.
Psychosocial moratorium
128
Which relationships are most important when considering predictors of good adolescent mental health and well-being?
Parent-adolescent relationships
129
What is dementia?
Deterioration of brain function affecting cognitive processes such as memory, language and judgment
ex. Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, and Parkinson's disease
130
What is Alzheimer's disease?
A disease marked by the gradual onset of impairment in cognitive functions of memory, reasoning, and judgment
131
True or False? Dementia is a specific type of Alzheimer's disease.
False, Alzheimer’s disease is a specific type of dementia.
132
What is neuroplasticity?
The brain's ability to be modified by experience
133
True or False? A strong social support network seems to protect against cognitive decline in old age.
True
134
True or False? Eliminating caffeine from one’s diet seems to protect against cognitive decline in old age.
False
135
Which adult attachment is associated with the following?
Adults who are comfortable and confident in their ability to become emotionally close to others, and they enjoy a balance of closeness and independence in their relationships as a result.
Secure or autonomous attached
136
Which adult attachment is associated with the following?
Adults who are perfectly comfortable without close emotional relationships. These adults tend to believe that close relationships will compromise their independence, and they often avoid such relationships altogether.
Dismissive or avoidant
137
Which adult attachment is associated with the following?
Adults who tend to feel uncomfortable with independence and strive for constant intimacy and closeness in their intimate relationships. These adults have high levels of relationship needs, however, they report that they are often unable to find romantic partners willing to react similarly.
Anxious or preoccupied
138
True or False? Marital satisfaction generally increases after the birth of a child.
False, marital satisfaction generally decreases after the birth of a child.
139
True or False? Having spent no more than 30 years in the workforce is not a factor associated with better adjustment to retirement.
True
140
What are the 3 factors that predicted successful retirement adjustment?
Better psychological health
A higher income
Being married
141
What is the socioemotional selectivity theory?
A theory on aging which suggests that younger adults will value information-related goals and older adults will place emphasis on emotion-related goals
142
What is the developmental milestone associated with infancy?
Trust vs. Mistrust
143
What is the developmental milestone associated with early childhood?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
144
What is the developmental milestone associated with preschool years?
Initiative vs. Guilt
145
What is the developmental milestone associated with school age?
Industry vs. Inferiority
146
What is the developmental milestone associated with adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
147
What is the developmental milestone associated with early adulthood?
Intimacy vs. Isolation
148
What is the developmental milestone associated with middle adulthood?
Generativity vs. Stagnation
149
What is the developmental milestone associated with maturity?
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
150
What is the developmental milestone associated with the following?
A teenager adheres to a religion that promotes conformity.
Identity vs. Role Confusion
151
What is the developmental milestone associated with the following?
A mother does not let her toddler dig in the dirt for worms.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
152
What is the developmental milestone associated with the following?
A newborn is in foster care and receives inconsistent care.
Trust vs. Mistrust
153
What is the developmental milestone associated with the following?
A man has children but does not take care of them.
Generativity vs. Stagnation
154
What is longitudinal research?
Studying development in the same people over time
155
What is cross-sectional research?
Studying children of various ages in the same study
156
How is longitudinal research useful?
Useful for studying developmental processes (whether growth over time is characterized by stability or change)
Useful to examining how experiences in infancy and early childhood may have lasting influences on behavior as individuals age
157
How is cross-sectional research useful?
Useful for examining age-related change
158
Which kind of research is associated with examining if children have different relationships with same- or opposite-sex peers in 4th, 6th, and 8th grades?
Cross-sectional research
159
Explain the high amplitude sucking paradigm.
Infants are given a sterilized pacifier to suck on for a certain period of time. This initial baseline period is used to establish how much infants suck on the pacifier in the absence of any outside stimulation. Sucking amplitude varies depending on the stimuli to which the infant is exposed.
160
What is novelty preference?
The preference of infants in looking longer at new information in the environment, as compared to old information
161
What do habituation paradigms suggest?
Infants remember information about visual stimuli and this memory may inform where they choose to look in the future.
162
True or False? Habituation paradigms can tell researchers why infants show novelty preferences.
False
163
True or False? Habituation paradigms can provide important information about cognitive processing in infancy.
True
164
True or False? Infants are born with a universal moral code.
True
165
What is the theory of mind?
An ability that emerges around age 4 that allows people to understand that others have feelings, thoughts, and desires that differ from one's own
166
Which paradigms identified the theory of mind?
False belief paradigms
167
What is elicited imitation and why was it created?
A three-dimensional behavioral recall
| It was created because young infants and children cannot report on the past using language.
168
True or False? Whether theory of mind can be teached to children under 4 can be tested using elicited imitation.
False
169
Is the following situation a practical or ethical consideration associated with the testing of infants and children as research participants?
Researchers may only have access to relatively homogeneous samples of infants and young children given the demographics of the area in which their work is conducted.
Practical
170
Is the following situation a practical or ethical consideration associated with the testing of infants and children as research participants?
Infants are considered as a vulnerable population because they are unable to provide consent or indicate if they would like to stop participating in a study.
Ethical
171
Is the following situation a practical or ethical consideration associated with the testing of infants and children as research participants?
Families may not be interested in driving to the lab to participate in studies even when small incentives are provided.
Practical
172
Is the following situation a practical or ethical consideration associated with the testing of infants and children as research participants?
When relevant researchers must debrief parents (and children as appropriate) about the goals of the study in which they participated.
Ethical
