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OCR A a-level chemistry > Module 4 - [ch11] (foundations in organic chem) > Flashcards

Module 4 - [ch11] (foundations in organic chem) Flashcards

Basic concepts of organic chemistry

1
Q

what does nomenclature mean

A

system to name organic compounds

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2
Q

empirical formula

A

simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule

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3
Q

molecular formula

A

number and type of atoms in a molecule

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4
Q

displayed formula

A

shows every atom and bond in a molecule

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5
Q

structural formula

A

shows arrangement of atoms without showing bonds
e.g
C5H12 or CH3COOH

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6
Q

define skeletal formula

A

formula drawn using lines
each vertex represents a carbon atom
all unspecified bonds are C-

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7
Q

define homologous series [2]

A

a series of organic compounds with the same functional group with each successive member differing by CH2

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8
Q

define functional group [1]

A

A functional group is the part of the organic
molecule that is largely responsible for the
molecule’s chemical properties

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9
Q

what is an aliphatic hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a straight line or branched chain

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10
Q

what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbons arranged in non-aromatic rings

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11
Q

what is an aromatic hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon that includes at least one benzene ring

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12
Q

suffixes!
no double bond
double bond
alcohol

A

-ane
-ene
-ol

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13
Q

suffix
aldehyde

A

-al

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14
Q

suffix
ketone

A

-one

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15
Q

suffix
carboxylic acid

A

-oic acid

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16
Q

prefix
C4H9

A

butyl

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17
Q

prefix
Br,Cl,I

A

bromo
chloro
iodo

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18
Q

prefix
CH3

A

methyl

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19
Q

general formula for alcohols

A

C(n)H(2n+1)OH

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20
Q

what does saturated mean

A

organic compounds which only contain single bonds

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21
Q

what does unsaturated mean

A

contains at least 1 c=c

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22
Q

What is meant by the term structural isomer? [1]

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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23
Q

3 ways in which structural isomers can form

A

alkyl groups in different places
functional groups can be bonded to different parts
different functional groups

24
Q

what are stereoisomers

A

same molecular formula
arranged differently in space

25
Q

what is E-Z isomerism
how is e and z differentiated

A

caused by limited rotation about C=C double bonds
2 bits with the higher molecular masses on the same side
Z (zusammen)
on opposite sides
E (entgegen)

26
Q

what is cis-trans isomerism

A

special type of E-Z isomerism
where the two bits on each carbon atom are the same

27
Q

what is homolytic fission

A

when each bonded atom receives one electron from the bonded pair to form two free radicals
(e.g cl2 - cl. + cl. )

28
Q

define heterolytic fission [1]

A

the breaking of a covalent bond where one of the bonding atoms takes both electrons from the bond to form ions

29
Q

what are radicals

A

a species with an unpaired electron

30
Q

how is a covalent bond formed with two free radicals

A

the radicals collide
electrons are involved in bond formation

31
Q

Explain why the straight chain isomer of C10H22 has a higher boiling point than any of its branched chain structural isomers. [2]

A

branched chains have less surface contact
branched chains have fewer van der Waals’ forces

32
Q

Explain why the straight chain isomers are converted by the petroleum industry into its branched chain isomers. [1]

A

Branched chains have more efficient combustion

33
Q

State what is meant by the term nucleophile [1]

A

lone pair/electron pair donor

34
Q

what is bond fission

A

the breaking of a covalent bond

35
Q

how would you portray homolytic fission

A

half headed curly arrows
from bond to each atom

36
Q

what is an addition reaction

A

reactants form 1 product

37
Q

what is an substitution reaction

A

functional group replaced by a different functional group

38
Q

what is an oxidation reaction

A

at least one electron is lost and the species is oxidised

39
Q

what is polymerisation

A

monomers join together to form long repeating molecule known as a polymer

40
Q

what is an elimination reaction

A

a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule

41
Q

what is a pi bond

A

sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals
area of high electron density

42
Q

what are electrophiles

A

electron pair acceptors

43
Q

what is general formula

A

this shows the number of atoms of each element in a substance which has n carbon atoms
molecules in a homologous series all have the same general formula

44
Q

alkene

A

C=C

45
Q

alcohol

A

-OH

46
Q

aldehyde

A

-CHO

47
Q

carboxylic acid

A

-COOH

48
Q

ketone

A

-C(CO)C-

49
Q

ester

A

-COOC-

50
Q

amine

A

-NH2

51
Q

nitrile

A

-CN

52
Q

general formula for carboxylic acids

A

C(n)H(2n)O2

53
Q

general formula for ketones

A

C(n)H(2n)O

54
Q

what are curly arrows

A

used to show the movement of a pair of electrons

55
Q

describe the difference between homolytic and heterolytic fission use suitable examples [4]

A

In homolytic fission, a covalent bond is breaks with each bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond.
e.g. H3C–CH3 → H3C* + *CH3
In heterolytic fission, a covalent bond is breaks with one of the bonded atoms taking both of the electrons from the bond.
e.g. H3C–Cl → H3C+ + Cl

OCR A a-level chemistry (11 decks)

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