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biology > Module 4 - Chapter 10 - Classification And Evolution > Flashcards

Module 4 - Chapter 10 - Classification And Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Define binomial system

A

Universal naming system taken from an organism’s “genus, species” eg. Homeo-sapien

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2
Q

What is the taxonomic hierarchy (7)

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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3
Q

What did Carl Linnaeus propose?

A

Came up with the 7 taxonomical hierarchy system
Arranged organisms into ‘taxa’
Used binomial nomenclature

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4
Q

What did Carl Woese do?

A

Came up with the 3 domain system above the Linnaean system
Eukaryotae, prokaryotae and archaea

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5
Q

Define autotrophic - what organisms are autotrophic?

A

Feed themselves - produce their own food
E.g. plants photosynthesise

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6
Q

Define heterotrophic - what organisms are heterotrophic?

A

Get food by eating other organisms
E.g. humans eat meat from animals and plants

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7
Q

Define saprotrophic - what organisms are saprotrophic?

A

Absorbs substances by excreting enzymes and digesting dead organisms
Fungi are saprotrophic

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8
Q

What is a chaemotroph

A

An organism that uses chemicals instead of sunlight to synthesise food

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9
Q

Define chortada

A

Vertebrates

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10
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms

A

Prokaryotae, protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia

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11
Q

What are analogous traits

A

Similar characteristics that occur because of environmental constraints, not due to close evolutionary relationships

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12
Q

Why is it difficult to classify organisms such as fungi

A

Because they have similar features to plants - immobile and hyphae that act as roots, but do not photosynthesise and are heterotrophic like animals / saprotrophic

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13
Q

Why did microscopes improve classification

A

When improved microscopes studied organisms, they were able to see sun-cellular structures and use chemical/ biological features to classify organisms instead of visible characteristics

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14
Q

Why is the binomial nomenclature useful?

A

Because Latin is universal so every scientist in the country will use the same name - avoids confusion

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15
Q

Define morphology

A

The observable/ visible features of an organism

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16
Q

What is artificial classification

A

Classification based off of morphology - physical, visible features.

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17
Q

What is a homologous trait

A

When organisms share a trait due to common ancestry

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18
Q

What are some features of prokaryotae

A

No nucleus, DNA orgnaised in circular DNA (plasmids) and nucleoids
Peptidoglycan cell wall
No membrane bound organelles

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19
Q

What features define protoctista

A

Many are mobile/ have flagella
Nearly all are autotrophs
Many are aquatic

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20
Q

Describe fungi

A

All are saprotrophic (and heterotrophic)
Chitin cell wall - amino polysaccharide
Non-vascular

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21
Q

What are the features of plantae

A

Cellulose cell walls, many are photosynthetic
Plants are multicellular

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22
Q

What defines animalia

A

Sexual reproduction
Advanced nervous system
During development, multicellular embryo is formed from the zygote
Vascular system and excretory system

23
Q

Define species

A

A group of organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offspring

24
Q

Define species

A

A group of organisms that can breed together to produce viable/ fertile offspring

25
What are the 5 categories that organisms of the same species are similar in
Appearance Anatomy Physiology Biochemistry Genetics
26
Define pseudopodia
Temporary protrusion if the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding
27
Define convergent evolution
When two unrelated species adapt in a similar way, therefore look similar
28
Why does convergent evolution make observational classification hard?
Because completely unrelated species will look similar so people might classify them wrongly in the same group
29
Why is it essential to use molecules such as DNA or Cytochrome C when classifying
Because all living organisms that respire must have cytochrome C but it’s different in all species. If the sequences are the same the species are closely related
30
Why are molecules such as starch and amylase not used for classification
Because they have no sequence and amylase shows insufficient differences and isn’t ubiquitous - active site always stays the same Humans don’t have the enzyme to break down starch (cellulase)
31
Why did woese feel that the differences in RNA polymerase were so important?
Because he felt the differences between bacteria and archaea are more fundamental than archaea and eukaryotae therefore producing the 3 domain system
32
Define phylogeny
The study of evolutionary relationships between species
33
What are the factors of artificial classification
Done for concenience, easier to remember Based only on a few characteristics Does not reflect any evolutionary relationships Provides limited information Is stable
34
What are the factors of natural classification
Uses many characteristics Reflects evolutionary relationships Detailed study of the individuals in a species Provides a lot of useful information May change with advancing knowledge
35
What are the advantages of phylogeny
Can be done without reference to the Linnaean system Produces a continuous tree whereas classification requires distinct/ discrete taxonomical groups The hierarchal nature of Linnaean system may be misleading - implies different groups with the same rank are equivalent and doesn’t show how long the species has been present for
36
What are the 3 main sources of evidence for evolution
Palaeontology Comparative anatomy Comparative biochemistry
37
How are fossils formed?
When animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks. sediment is deposited on watch to form layers, strata, which correspond to different geological areas
38
Define fossil record
The ability to see the change in organisms gradually overtime
39
What evidence has been gathered from the fossil record
Simple organisms found in older rocks and more complex organisms found in newer rocks - supports the theory that all organisms started off simple and evolved to become more complex The sequence in which the organisms are found matches their ecological links to each other Scientists can use anatomy to show how closely the organisms were related that evolved from a common ancestor Allows relationships between extinct and extant (living) organisms to be investigated
40
What are some cons of the fossil record
Not complete Many organisms are soft-bodies and decompose before fossilisation Conditions needed for fossils to form are not always present Fossils destroyed by earths movements eg. Volcanoes
41
what are some key facts about Darwin?
5 year trip on the HMS beagle - visited Galapagos islands - discovered unusual species carried out observations on FINCHES - noticed variation between different islands - according to the food available on each island 1859 - published "the origin of species"
42
what did Alfred Wallace do?
developed his own theory of natural selection which was published at the same time as Darwin the two discussed their similarities but their ideas were developed independently Wallace studied butterflies instead of finches presented, joint with Darwin, to the Linnaean Society of London 1858
43
why did Darwin's theory split the scientific community?
Darwin's theory conflicted the widely held Christian belief that "God created man" the debate with religious groups continues today
44
what are the characteristics of placental mammals
have a long gestation (pregnancy) develop a placenta in pregnancy (for exchange of nutrients and waste) young are born very well developed then receive milk
45
what are the characteristics of marsupial mammals
found in Australia and the Americas have a short gestation (pregnancy) don't develop a full placenta born early climb into their mother's pouch to receive milk from a teat
46
what evidence do we have for evolution
fossils differences in DNA and RNA base sequences molecular evidence - differences in biochemistry current evolution - antibiotic/ pesticide resistance
47
what did Darwin conclude from his studies
1. there is a struggle for survival 2. better adapted individuals survive and pass on their successful characteristics 3. over time, the number of changes may give rise to a new species NB - no knowledge of chromosomes or DNA at this time
48
describe the sequence of natural selection
1. there is genetic variation within the population (mutations) 2. a selection pressure creates competition for survival 3. some individuals possess favourable alleles/ characteristics which means they are better adapted to the environment 4. the individuals with the favourable alleles survive and reproduce 5. repeated over many generations so the percentage of favourable alleles in the population increases
49
what are some examples of selection pressures
antibiotics - for antibiotic resistance in bacteria pesticides - for pesticide resistance in pets availability/ type of food - Darwin's finches predators - camouflage/ behaviour disease - disease resistance / survival physical and chemical factors - light, temp, water availability
50
what are the genetic causes of variation
1. alleles - different alleles produce different effects - may inherit different alleles of a gene 2. mutations - changes to the DNA sequence leads to changes in the proteins the genes code for 3. meiosis - gametes undergo independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over 4. sexual reproduction - offspring produced from 2 parents inherit characteristics from both parents 5. chance - many different gametes are produced from the parental genome - individuals differ from siblings etc.
51
What are neutral changes
Changes that do not effect a molecule’s function - occur at a regular weight
52
What is divergent evolution
Describes how different species have evolved from a common ancestors, each with a different set of adaptive features
53
What is comparative biochemistry
Study of proteins and other biological molecules that control life processes Some important molecules are highly conserved among species Slight changes help identify evolutionary links Cytochrome C - protein in respiration Ribosomal RNA
54
Why is the 3 domain system used in preference to the 5 kingdom system?
1. 3 domains fit phylogeny better 2. There are many fundamental differences between bacteria and eukaryotes (other 4 kingdoms) 3. there are many similarities between the four eukaryotic kingdoms 4. There are many differences between bacteria and archaea

biology (28 decks)

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