Module 4- Communicable Diseases

Question 1

how can bacteria be classified?

Answer 1

basic shapes, cell walls

Question 2

what are the basic shapes of bacteria?

Answer 2

rod, spherical, comma, spiral, corkscrew

Question 3

how can bacterial cell walls be identified?

Answer 3

Gram staining

Question 4

what colour does gram-positive bacteria go when stained?

Answer 4

purple-blue e.g. MRSA

Question 5

what colour does gram-negative bacteria go when stained?

Answer 5

red e.g. E.coli

Question 6

why is gram staining useful?

Answer 6

type of cell wall affects how bacteria react to different antibiotics

Question 7

what is the mode of action for bacteria?

Answer 7

produce toxins that poison/damage host cells:
break down cell membranes, inactivate enzymes, interfere with host genetic material=prevention of cell division

Question 8

what pathogen causes ring rot?

Answer 8

bacteria

Question 9

what species does ring rot effect?

Answer 9

leaves, tubers and fruit of potatoes and tomatoes

Question 10

what pathogen causes tuberculosis?

Answer 10

bacteria

Question 11

what species does TB effect?

Answer 11

humans, cows, pigs, badgers, deer

Question 12

what is the mode of action of TB?

Answer 12

-damages+destroys lung tissue
-suppresses immune system∴prevents body from fighting other diseases

Question 13

how do plants protect themselves from disease?

Answer 13

bark, waxy cuticle layer, cellulose wall- act as barriers

Question 13

what does the meristem allow the plant to do?

Answer 13

seal of diseased tissue and sacrifice it as they are continually growing and can replace damaged parts.

Question 14

what is an autoimmune disease?

Answer 14

one where the immune system mistakenly identifies your own cells as foreign cells rather than self cells

Question 15

what are the predicted causes of autoimmune diseases?

Answer 15

genetics

Question 16

what are some examples of autoimmune diseases?

Answer 16

rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, type 1 diabetes

Question 17

what body part is affected with lupus?

Answer 17

inflammation to lining of organs

Question 17

what body part is affected with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 17

damage to joints

Question 18

what is the treatment for autoimmune diseases?

Answer 18

immunosuppressants

Question 18

what body part is affected in type 1 diabetes?

Answer 18

destruction of pancreatic cells

Question 19

what is an immunosuppressant?

Answer 19

treatment generally involves drugs that reduce the activity of the immune system

Question 21

what are some non-specific animal defences? (keeping pathogens out)

Answer 21

skin, mucous membranes, lysozymes, expulsive reflexes, blood clotting, inflammatory response

Question 22

how does the skin keep pathogens out?

Answer 22

-acts as barrier to cover whole body -skin flora of healthy microorganisms that outcompete pathogens for space on body -produces sebum that inhibits growth of pathogens

Question 23

how do mucus membranes keep pathogens out?

Answer 23

-secrete sticky mucus in airways of gas exchange system -this traps microorganisms + contains lysozymes that destroy bacterial + fungal cell walls -mucus has phagocytes which remove remaining pathogens

Question 24

how do lysozymes keep pathogens out?

Answer 24

destroy cell walls,, found in tears + urine + stomach acid

Question 25

what are expulsive reflexes?

Answer 25

coughs + sneezes- eject pathogen containing mucus from gas exchange system vomiting + diarrhoea get rid of pathogen containing substances in the gut

Question 26

what is pharmacogenetics?

Answer 26

interweaving knowledge of drug action with personalized genetic material to produce a targeted treatment for an individual

Question 27

what are the advantages of personalized medicines?

Answer 27

prescribe more effective and targeted drugs + reduce the time, cost, and failure rate of pharmaceutical clinical trials

Question 28

what is synthetic biology?