Module 4: Determining Truth

Question 1

According to ____, truth lies at the heart of every inquiry.

Answer 1

Abella, 2016

Question 2

The body of real things, events, and facts or the state of being the case

Answer 2

Truth

Question 3

The Greeks understood knowledge as ______ (Abella, 2016).

Answer 3

“justified, true belief”

Question 4

People justify their belief on something or someone through the following:

Answer 4

• Through perception
• By appeal to authority
• Use of reasoning

Question 5

The truth or falsity of a statement is determined by how it relates to the world and whether it accurately describes that world; something is true or what we believe or say is true if it corresponds to reality or the way things actually are (Glanzberg, 2018)

Answer 5

Correspondence theory

Question 6

Where the word “correspondence” comes from; a combination of two Latin words: “cor” meaning “together” and “respondere” meaning “to answer or respond”

Answer 6

Correspondentia

Question 7

Referred to the idea of things that go together or match

Answer 7

Correspondentia

Question 8

A theory that states that the truth of a proposition is determined by its coherence with other propositions that we believe to be true; a proposition is true if it is consistent with our other beliefs

Answer 8

Coherence theory

Question 9

Derived from the Latin word “cohaerentia” (“co” together and “haerentia” adhering or sticking)

Answer 9

Coherence

Question 10

Proposes that something is true if it makes sense when placed in a certain situation or context

Answer 10

Coherence theory

Question 11

A philosophical concept which contends that there are no absolute truths; an idea or principle is only true within a particular context; possible for alternative truths

Answer 11

Relativism

Question 12

Knowledge is shaped by social forces and influenced by culture and history; knowledge is gained as a part of social experience and requires interaction and collaboration

Answer 12

Constructivist theory

Question 13

A theory of truth that states that the truth of a proposition is determined whether or not it is accepted by a majority of experts or a relevant community; a proposition is true if and only it is believed to be true by the majority of people who are knowledgeable about the subject matter

Answer 13

Consensus theory

Question 14

Used to determine the truth of scientific claims, where experts must agree on a certain phenomenon before it can be established as true

Answer 14

Consensus

Question 15

Something is true if we can put it into practice or is useful in real life; ideas should be tested to confirm their validity

Answer 15

Pragmatic theory

Question 16

Considers that ideas must be verified using the senses or experience

Answer 16

Verificationism

Question 17

Arguments based on faulty reasoning

Answer 17

Fallacy

Question 18

According to ____, a mistake in reasoning is what we call fallacy.

Answer 18

Cleave, 2019

Question 19

When a term is used in two or more different senses within a single argument

Answer 19

Equivocation

Question 20

When there is a defect in the grammatical construction of the sentence; double interpretation due to the structural defect

Answer 20

Amphiboly

Question 21

When an attribute of a specific part is applied to the collective whole

Answer 21

Composition

Question 22

When an attribute of the collective whole is applied to a specific part

Answer 22

Division

Question 23

Faulty or undue emphasis (accent or tone) upon certain words or statements

Answer 23

Accent

Question 24

Instead of responding to (or attacking) the argument a person has made, one attacks the person him or herself.

Answer 24

Ad Hominem (against the man)

Question 25

Concludes a proposition to be true because many or most people believe it

Answer 25

Ad Populum (appeal to the popular)

Question 26

When we invoke someone whose expertise is not relevant to the issue for which we are invoking in

Answer 26

Ad Verecundiam (appeal to authority)

Question 27

Makes a claim based on sympathy or empathetic instead of just or logical grounds

Answer 27

Ad Miseriocordiam (appeal to emotion)

Question 28

Uses threats to gain one's belief or "yes"

Answer 28

Ad Baculum (appeal to fear)

Question 29

Holds that a proposition is true because it has yet to be proven as false or a proposition is false because it has yet to be proven as true

Answer 29

Ad Ignorantiam (appeal to ignorance)

Question 30

General rule is taken to be universal and the possibility of an exception is ignored

Answer 30

Accident (sweeping generalization)

Question 31

The premises are individual cases and the conclusion is a generalization.

Answer 31

Converse accident (hasty generalization)

Question 32

We presume two contraries used as contradictions wherein there are only two choices.

Answer 32

False dilemma

Question 33

Occurs when one assumes the truth of the conclusion in one or more of the premises; a kind of circular reasoning; only one idea in the premise and conclusion

Answer 33

Begging the question

Question 34

Appears as a single question loaded with two or more hidden distinct questions

Answer 34

Complex question

Question 35

Assuming a cause and effect relationship between unrelated events

Answer 35

False cause

Question 36

A statement or assertion that can be objectively verified and proven to be true or false; pieces of information that are based on empirical evidence, data, or direct observation and can be demonstrated or supported with little or no room for interpretation and subjectivity

Answer 36

Fact

Question 37

Key characteristics of facts:

Answer 37

* Objectice and verifiable * Consistent * Empirical evidence

Question 38

A personal belief, judgment, or perspective that is not necessarily based on objective, verifiable facts; subjective and can vary from person to person; represent an individual's feelings, etc.

Answer 38

Opinion

Question 39

Key characteristics of opinions:

Answer 39

* Subjective * Open to interpretation * Not necessarily supposted by objective evidence

Question 40

Refers to a systematic and unfair inclination or prejudice in favor or against a particular person, group, etc.; can influence how information is gathered, interpreted, and presented leading to a distortion of the truth or one-sided perspective

Answer 40

Bias

Question 41

Tendency to judge a person's personality by her actions, without regard for external factors

Answer 41

Correspondence bias or attribution effect

Question 42

Tendency to look for and accept information which fits with one's own views and reject the views that go against it

Answer 42

Confirmation bias

Question 43

Focusing on a certain aspect of the problem while ignoring other aspects

Answer 43

Framing

Question 44

Tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events

Answer 44

Hindsight

Question 45

A person or group is connected to or has vested interest in the issue being discussied

Answer 45

Conflict of interest

Question 46

Analyzing an event or issue based on one's cultural standards

Answer 46

Cultural bias

Question 47

The subject matter of philosophy

Answer 47

Questions

Question 48

Major characteristics of questions:

Answer 48

* Philosophical questions have answers, but the answers remain dispute. * Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faith. * Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings

Question 49

The methodology that philosophers use to address philosophical questions

Answer 49

Critical thinking

Question 50

The careful, reflective, rational, and systematic approach to questions of very general interests

Answer 50

Critical thinking

Question 51

Critical thinking is a life-long process and includes (Maboloc & Pascua, 2008):

Answer 51

* Defining, analyzing, and devising solutions * Arriving at reasonable and informed conclusions * Applying understanding and knowledge to new and different problems * Willingness to change one's point of view * Continually examining and re-examining ideas * Willingness to say "I don't know"

Question 52

Attributes of a critical thinker:

Answer 52

* Looks for evidence * Adjust opinions * Looks for proofs * Examines problems * Rejects irrelevant and incorrect information