Module 4 - Phonotactic Constraints, Suprasegmental, Connected Speech, Phonological Proccesses

Question 1

Describe a syllable (3)

Answer 1

• A phonological unit
• Contains one vowel, with or without consonant
  
  • Unless it is a syllabic consonant
  • [ˈbɐtn̩ ] = [ˈbɐ+tn̩ ] /bɐtən/ = /bɐ+tən/
• 1 or more syllables = word

Question 2

Describe the syllable internal structure

Answer 2

• Onset
  
  • (up to CCC)
• Rhyme
• • • Nucleus(V) + Coda (up to CCCC)

Question 2

Alliteration involves which part of the syllable structure?

Answer 2

Onset
Peter Piper

Question 3

Rhyme involves which part of the syllable structure?

Answer 3

Rhyme
Shore, Bore

Question 4

What is an open syllable?

Answer 4

• CV (no coda)
  V (no onset or coda)

Question 5

Describe consonant cluster

Answer 5

• Occurs when there is more than one C
  CC/CCC/CCCC

Question 6

Syllable Structure
hand+ball = /hændboːl/

Answer 6

CVCC+CVC

Question 7

What are phonotactic constraints?

Answer 7

Rules about which phonemes are placed together in a syllable

Question 8

Allowable consonant clusters in a Onset and Coda

Answer 8

Onset = 0 - CCC
Coda = 0-CCCC

Question 9

(Syllable Onset: 2-consonant clusters (CC))
/s/ can only occur in the onset with

Answer 9

/s/ can only occur in the onset with
* /p/, /t/, /k/ - voiceless stops “spin, stun, skip”
* /m/, /n/ - nasals “smile, snow”
* /w/, /l/ , sometimes /j/ - approximants “swim, slip, stupid”
* /f/ rarely - voiceless fricative “sphinx, sphere”

Question 10

(Syllable Onset: 2-consonant clusters (CC))
Oral stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/ & voiceless fricatives /f, θ, s, ʃ, h/ can combine with

Answer 10

• Oral stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/ & voiceless fricatives /f, θ, s, ʃ, h/
  Can combine with approximants /ɹ, l, j, w/
  /kl/, /kw/, /kɹ/ and /kj/
  BUT NOT if they share the same place of articulation
  not /pw/ or /fw/, and not /tl/ or /dl/.

Question 11

Syllable Onset: 3-consonant clusters (CCC)
First phoneme:
Second phoneme:
Third phoneme:

Answer 11

First phoneme: /s/ in a CCC onset
Second phoneme: (voiceless oral plosives) /p/, /t/ or /k/ in a CCC onset
Third phoneme: (Approximants) /w/, /l/, /ɹ/ or /j/ in a CCC onset

Question 12

Phonotactic Constraints: Syllable Coda
Do Syllable Coda contraints mirror Syllable Onset constraints?

Answer 12

Yes, /kl/ onset can be /lk/ coda
- /kli:n/ and /mɪlk/
But not in the same place of articulation

Question 13

(Phonotactic Constraints: Syllable Coda)
Approximants /ɹ, l, j, w/ can combine with

Answer 13

• Approximants /ɹ, l, j, w/ can combine with
• Oral stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/ & voiceless fricatives /f, θ, s, ʃ, h/

BUT NOT if they share the same place of articulation

Question 14

What are the 2 features of Suprasegmental (Prosodic)?

Answer 14

• Intonation (pitch change)
• Stress (length, pitch, loudness)

Question 15

What are the rules of Lexical stress in AusE?

Answer 15

2 syllable words = one is stressed, the other is unstressed

Question 16

What is Primary stress [ ‘ ] ? (4)

Answer 16

• The prominent syllable
• Can be included in phonemic and phonetic transcription
• Occurs before a stressed syllable
• Free variation
  
  • ‘answer’[ˈæ̃nsə]
  • about [əˈbæɔt]
    understand [ˌɐndəˈstænd] ̃̃

Question 17

What happens to the nucleus (vowel) in an unstressed syllable?

Answer 17

Vowel reduces to an /ə/ schwa

Question 17

Is lexical stress contrastive in AusE?

Answer 17

Yes,
- That is an insult. (noun)
- Don’t insult me! (verb)
When the first syllable is stressed = noun
When second syllable is stressed = verb

Question 18

What is Secondary Stress [ ˌ ] ?

Answer 18

• Words with more than 2 syllables may have more than one stressed syllable
• Less prominent syllable
  e.g. “kookaburra” /ˈkʊkəˌbɐɹə/

Question 19

Why do phonemes change in words during conversation?

Answer 19

For communication efficiency

Question 20

Describe intonation in AusE

Answer 20

• Non-contrastive
• Intonation patterns vary
  No tonemes (phoneme based on pitch of nucleus in a syllable)

Question 21

What is co-articulation?

Answer 21

Change in speech sounds influenced by phonetic environment (surrounding phoneme)

Question 22

(Characteristics of connected speech)
Explain vowel reduction in function words

Answer 22

Function words vowel -> /ə/
The = /ðiː/ -> /ðə/

Question 23

(Characteristics of connected speech: Elision) Consonant deletion occurs in /t/ /d/?

Answer 23

Consonant deletion /t/ /d/ occurs in - Function words - Between words

Question 24

(Characteristics of connected speech: Elision) Weak syllable deletion occurs in?

Answer 24

When syllable is weak, it might be deleted

Question 25

(Characteristics of connected speech: Epenthesis) When does linking /ɹ/ occur

Answer 25

- Between two syllables ending and beginning with a V - CV - VC - “Far out!” CV-VC - /fɐː/ + /æɔt/ → /fɐːɹæɔt/ - “law and order” - /loː + ənd + oːdə/ → /loːɹənoːdə/

Question 26

(Characteristics of connected speech: Assimilation) Alveolar -> Velar Stops

Answer 26

- /t/ -> /k/ when it is before /k, g, ŋ/ - /d/ -> /g/ when it is before /k, g, ŋ/ - /n/ ->/ŋ/ when it is before /k, g, ŋ/

Question 27

(Characteristics of connected speech: Assimilation) Alveolar -> Bilabial Stops

Answer 27

- /t/ -> /p/ when it is before /p, b, m ,w/ - /d/ -> /b/ when it is before /p, b, m ,w/ - /n/ -> /m/ when it is before /p, b, m ,w/

Question 28

Phonological process

Answer 28

How phonological patterns are developed in early childhood

Question 29

(Phonological Development) What are the 3 main types of children's phonological processes/ error patterns?

Answer 29

- 1. modify syllable structure processes - 2. substitution process - 3. assimilation processes

Question 30

(Phonological Development) Substitution Processes (3) One sound is substituted for another, either a class of sounds or just individual sounds.

Answer 30

* 1. Substitution of a glide for a liquid □ /j/ /w/ -> /ɹ/ /l/ □ [leg] -> [jeg] * 2. Substitution of a stop for a fricative □ /t/ /d/ -> /s/ /z/ □ [ti:] for [si:] * 3. Substitution of /t/ /d/ -> /k/ /g/ (fronting) □ [təʉ] for [gəʉ]

Question 31

(Phonological Development) Assimilation Processes (3) Sound changes in which one sound becomes more similar to another.

Answer 31

* 1. Consonant Harmony □ [dɔg] becomes [dɔd] or [gɔg] * 2. Reduplication □ [wɐwɐ] for [wo:tə] * 3. Devoicing of final consonant □[dɔg] becomes [dɔk]

Question 32

(Phonological Development) Earlier phonological processes?

Answer 32

* Unstressed syllable deletion * Final consonant deletion * Substitution of [t] and [d] for [k] and [g] – ’fronting’ * Substitution of a stop for a fricative * Many assimilation processes

Question 33

(Phonological Development) Later phonological processes?

Answer 33

* Reduction of consonant clusters * Substitution of a glide for a liquid

Question 34

(Branches of Phonetics) Articulatory phonetics:

Answer 34

Study of the physical production and articulation of speech sounds

Question 35

(Branches of Phonetics) Acoustic phonetics:

Answer 35

Study of speech as a sound wave

Question 36

(Branches of Phonetics) Auditory phonetics:

Answer 36

Study of the processing of speech signals and interpretation as meaningful speech sounds and words

Question 37

(Branches of Phonetics) What is the difference between articulatory and acoustic phonetics?

Answer 37

Children can comprehend sounds before they can articulate sounds

Question 38

(Acoustic Phonetics) Acoustic structure

Answer 38

Determines how we hear sounds

Question 39

(Acoustic Phonetics) Acoustic descriptions of speech

Answer 39

- Explains why certain sounds are confused with another - Provides greater accuracy in describing sounds

Question 40

(Acoustic Phonetics) Sounds of equal duration (length) can differ acoustically in 3 ways:

Answer 40

- Pitch - Loudness - quality

Question 41

(Acoustic Phonetics) Sound waves

Answer 41

Caused by variations in air pressure caused by the vocal tract

Question 42

(Acoustic Phonetics) Voiced speech

Answer 42

Periodic sound produced by vocal fold vibration

Question 43

(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Pitch) Pitch is affected by

Answer 43

Rate of vibration of the vocal folds

Question 43

(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Pitch) Higher Pitch:

Answer 43

Higher rate of vibration of vocal folds

Question 43

(Acoustic Phonetics) Voiceless speech

Answer 43

Aperiodic sound produced by constriction of the vocal tract

Question 44

(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Pitch) Lower Pitch:

Answer 44

Lower rate of vibration of vocal folds

Question 45

(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Pitch) Frequency:

Answer 45

Number of complete repetitions of variations of air pressure in a second Hertz (hz)

Question 46

(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Quality) Harmonic (overtone) structure:

Answer 46

The relative amplitude of fundamental frequency and the harmonic

Question 47

(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Loudness) Measurement of loudness

Answer 47

Decibels (dB) Extent of amplitude or energy of the vocalisation

Question 48

Auditory phonetics

Answer 48

- How we process speech - Study of the way people perceive speech sounds