Module 4 The skeletal system

Question 1

why is the muscle-skeletal system important?

Answer 1

It is important because injuries that cause pain in joints ligaments, muscles, nerves and tendons are structures that provide support the limbs, neck and back, they are the number one cause for workers disability

Question 2

What are the components of the skeletal system?

Answer 2

• Bones (206)
• cartilages
• ligaments

Question 3

What are the skeletal system functions?

Answer 3

• support and protection
• movement (levers)
• storage
• produces blood cells

Question 4

What are bones classified by?

Answer 4

Their shape

Question 5

What are the different shapes?

Answer 5

Long, flat, shot and irregular and sesamoid

Question 6

Example of long bones?

Answer 6

tibia

Question 7

Example of short bone

Answer 7

carpals in the wrist

Question 8

Example of flat bone

Answer 8

the ribs

Question 9

example of sesamoid bones

Answer 9

the patella tendon

Question 10

How many different layers does bone have?

Answer 10

compact and spongy bone

Question 11

What is the compact bone

Answer 11

The compact bone is the dense outer layer

Question 12

What is the spongy bone

Answer 12

it is the layer made of small trabeculae

Question 13

Where are compact bones found?

Answer 13

compact bones are sandwiched between connective tissue membrane

Question 14

What is the periosteum?

Answer 14

The periosteum covers the outside of the compact bone, made of connective tissue

Question 15

What is the endosteum?

Answer 15

The endosteum is that layer that covers the inside portion of the compact bone

Question 16

What is the long bone structure?

Answer 16

The diaphysis: tubular shift and forms long access (the shaft), then the epiphyses, it is the ends of the long bones made up of compact bones, externally and spongey bone internally. Metaphysis (small, between the diaphysis and epiphysis (pic)

Question 17

What are the different types of markings/openings of bone

Answer 17

crest- narrow ridge
tuberosity- large rounded projection 
epicondyle- raised area
tubercle- small round projection 
trochanter- blunt, larger, irregular
line- narrow ridge
fossa- narrow depression
formen- opening for blood vessels

Question 18

What is the axial skeleton?

Answer 18

It consists of 80 bones, divided into three major regions: skull, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage

Question 19

What are the axial skeletonʻs functions?

Answer 19

1) form a longitudinal axis of the body
2) support the head, neck and trunk
3) protect the brain, spinal cord and the thoracic organs

Question 20

Skullʻs function?

Answer 20

• complex regions of the axial skeleton
• supports and protects the brain and special sense organs
• accommodates the first part of the respiratory snd the digestive systems.
• attachment site for the muscle of head and neck

Question 21

Cranial bones?

Answer 21

8 cranial bones, 14 bones form the facial skeleton

• protects the back of your brain and supports your head.
• protect the sides of your brain and support your face.

Question 22

Hyoid bone?

Answer 22

Located at the level of the 3rd ventricle cervical vertebrae

• irregular bone shape
• muscle attachment (tongue above, and larynx below)

Question 23

What are the 5 major regions of the vertebral column?

Answer 23

1) Cervical- 7
2) Thoracic-12
3) Lumbar- 5
4) Sacrum- 1
5) coccyx- 4 fused bones

Question 24

The function of the vertebral column?

Answer 24

• provides surface area for muscle attachment
• supports and protects the spinal cord
• supports the upright position in sitting and standing

Question 25

Does the vertebral column have multiple curvatures

Answer 25

- 2 types | primary (thoracic and sacral), and secondary (cervical and lumbar)

Question 26

ORDER of vertebral column

Answer 26

``` Cervical curvature (c1-c7) concave thoracic curvature (T1-T12) convex Lumbar curvature (L1-L5) concave Sacrum curvature convex (5 fused vert) coccyx 4 vert ```

Question 27

What are abnormal vertebral curvatures?

Answer 27

scolosis- lateral kyphosis - dorsal throacic lordosis- lumbar

Question 28

Structure of vertebrae the cervical region

Answer 28

Cervical (7) - small oval body - large vertebral foramen - bifid short spinous process - Atlas (C1) and axes C2

Question 29

Lumbar (5)

Answer 29

- large oval body - triangular vertebral foramen - small transverse process - the short, flat and spinous process (back muscles) - Zygapophy seal joints - articular surface alignment more vertical than the cervical region

Question 30

Sacrum

Answer 30

- 5 fused vertebrae | - articulates with pelvic girdle via the sacroiliac joint

Question 31

Coccyx

Answer 31

3-5 fused vertebrae | fuse late in adult life

Question 32

What are the joints of the vertebral column?

Answer 32

They are intervertebral discs, act like a cushion-like pad between vertebrae that acts like shock absorbers, they consist of 2 regions - Nucleus pulposus ( the inner gelatinous nucleus (elasticity)) - Anulus fibroseus - the outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage (limits the expansion of nucleus fibroseus)

Question 33

What is the thoracic cage composed of?

Answer 33

- thoracic vertebra posteriorly - sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly - ribs laterally (12 pairs)

Question 34

What are the thoracic cage functions?

Answer 34

- protects vital organs of the thoracic activity - supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs - attachment sites for muscles of neck, back, chest and shoulders

Question 35

Number of true ribs?

Answer 35

1-7

Question 36

Number of false ribs?

Answer 36

8-12

Question 37

What is the primary function of the upper perpendicular skeleton?

Answer 37

the primary function of the upper perpendicular skeleton is to position the Hand in space

Question 38

What is the pectoral girdle function? ( the clavicle and scapula)

Answer 38

the pectoral function is to connect the axial skeleton and provides extra mobility

Question 39

What is the Glenohumeral joint function?

Answer 39

mobility- combination of the humeral head and the glenoid fossa of the scapula

Question 40

What is the humerus function?

Answer 40

it is for length - reach/force transfer and muscle attachment

Question 41

What is the elbow joint function?

Answer 41

It allows the hand to move toward and away from the body

Question 42

What is the forearm and wrist function?

Answer 42

it's for length, reach/array of hand positions/force transfer grasp and manipulation

Question 43

Note

Answer 43

the upper limb often works as an open-chain where the upper extremity moves on the trunk

Question 44

How many bones are in the upper limbs?

Answer 44

30 bones each, arm- the humerus, forearm - radius and ulna, Hand: 8 carpals (wrist), 5 metacarpals (palm) and 14 phalanges (fingers)

Question 45

What is the structure of the humerus, radius, Ulna and hand?

Answer 45

ppp

Question 46

What is the pelvic girdle?

Answer 46

- the coxal bone and sacrum form hop girdle | - 3 bones (ilium, ischium, pubis forms the coxal bone)

Question 47

Function of the pelvic girdle?

Answer 47

- attaches the lower limbs to te axial skeleton - transmits weight - support pelvis organs - less mobile, but more stable

Question 48

What are the differences between male and female pelvises?

Answer 48

Male pelvises are more narrow, heart shaped. The female pelvises are wider for childbirth, more oval shape

Question 49

What do the lower limbs carry?

Answer 49

The lower limbs carry entire weight during standing and movement - thigh (femur and patella) - leg (tibia and fibula) - Foot (7 tarsals - hind foot), (5 metatarsals - mid foot) and 14 phalanges - toes

Question 50

Label femus, patella, tibia, fibula and foot

Answer 50

ppp

Question 51

Age-related changes in children and adolescents?

Answer 51

In children and adolescents, there is more formation than reabsorption In young adults, there are equal amounts of bone formation and reabsorption In adults, there is more reabsorption and less bone formation

Question 52

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 52

they are involved in bone formation

Question 53

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 53

they are involved in bone reabsorption

Question 54

What are Osteocytes?

Answer 54

they monitor and maintain bone (stress and strain stressors)

Question 55

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 55

- it is a disease in which bone reabsorption exceeds the deposit, the matrix remains normal but the bone mass declines - women are at higher risk @80 - 70%