Module 4.1 Flashcards

Question

3. of naming

Answer 1

State the positon of the methyl group on the main carbon chain . -to do tht we number the carbon atoms . -do this from the left the methyl group IS ON CARBON . this is the right one so the moelcules name is 3METHYL HEPTANE (postion of chain how manyc arbon atoms then LONGEST Carbon chain )

Answer 2

3,3DIMETHYLHEPTAINE

Answer 3

3,5 DImethylheptaine

Answer 4

do not be caught out , the longest carbon chain is FIVE CARBON S . -where is the methyl group on cabron 3 3methylpentane

Answer 5

check sheet -idenitfy the lonesgt chins and name sof side chian .

Answer 6

-Side chains are listed ALPHABETICAL witht he lowest possible numers .

Answer 7

-longest chain is 8 = octan e one isde chian = methyl as one carbon another side chain = 2 cabrons ehtyl group POSTIONS = methyl is on carbon3 ETHYL is onc arbon 5 IF U WERE TO NUMBER FROM LEF TTO RIGHT , the lowest numbers woudl nt be produced . -SIDE CHINS ARE LISTED ALPHABETICALLY name is 5ethyl,3methylloctane . E COMES BEFORE M ,

Answer 8

-longest carbon chain is five atoms . -double bond is between crbon2 and , so it is based on PENT-2-ENE -Methyl grou pis on carbon 3 os moleeucl eis called 3METHYLPENTANE

Answer 9

-methane has one cbron tom joined byc oelnt bond to four . so molecular formular is ch4

Answer 10

the molecular formula ells sus the elemnets in a molecle and then umber of toms o feach elemeent methnae = ch4 .

Answer 11

tells us hte ismplest whle number ratio of the the atom sof each element in a compound o fncl one to one ratio so emprical formula is nacl

Answer 12

does not give us an information on the strucutre of the moleucle 9how the aotms are bonded to eachother )

Answer 13

different compounds can have rs can have the same moleuclr formula

Answer 14

ethanoic acid and methyl methanoate -cant tell from the moleuclar forumla alone which compound e are discussing . emprical forumla c2h6 divide by smallest number HICH IS 2 empricl formula is CH3

Answer 15

a sample of hydrocarbon contains 0.48g of carbon and 0.08 gh of hdyrogen calculate emprical formula STEP ONE - wokout the moles of carbon ahd hydrogen by doing MOL = MASS /MR so mol of carbon is 0.04 and moll of hydorgen is 0.08 DIVIDE BYTHE SMALLEST MOL WHICH IS 0.04 U WILL GEt emprical formula as ch2 .

Answer 16

we know our ocmpound ofr example has a mr of 28gg1. get hte mr of our empricl formula = 14 divide mr of compound by mr of empricl formula =2 times our empricl formul by 2 = C2H4 menng our compound is ETHENE .

Answer 17

c3h8 3 carbons and eighth ydorgens .

Answer 18

shows us the relative position of each atom and all the covalent bonds . -KEY ; displayed formual does not show accurate bond angles .

Answer 19

structural formula shows us how atoms are arranged but does not show bonds . KEY ; need to show atoms bonded to each carbon atom in turn . CHECK SHEET AND DLOOK AT PENTANE TOO .

Answer 20

check sheet these are called isomers chlorine is afrer CARBON1 in the strucurl formula -chloirne is after CARBON2 in the strucuturl formula .

Answer 21

-methylpropane ch3ch(ch3)ch3 -methyl group of carbon atom with 3 hydorgen atoms . -In the strucural formula , we place the meythl group in BRACKETS -As the methyll group is bonded to carbon 2 , In the strucural formul we put it after C2 .

Answer 22

key about the alcohol group is hat the covlent bond runs from the Carbon aatom to the oxygen atom so need to show in the moleucle .

Answer 23

Skeltal formula is the simplest possible way to show the strucuutre of an organic molecule . -we do NOT show crbon nd hdyrogen toms . -Only atoms we show are FUNCTIONAL GROUPS -Instea we show the ocvalnet bonds between cabron atoms and bond to functionl roups . LOOKA T EXAMPLES ON SHEET .

Answer 24

Haven't shown the covalent bond between oxygen and hdyrogen in fucntional group as it is not a critical to show the bond in the funcional grous (will say if it is essentail thoghghghg)

Answer 25

the general formula is the simplest algebric formula for a memeber of a homoglous seris

Answer 26

- generral formula for alkanes is cnh2n+2 general formula for lakenes is cnh2n

Answer 27

1. each moleucle has two hdyrogen atoms bdoned to a caron atom . -have one extra hydrogen at the end of each molecule . -each moelcule also contians one atom of chlorine . so genral fromula is CNH2N+1CL This step by step process applies to all .

Answer 28

CNH2N+105 HAVE TO show rthe whole functional group . .

Answer 29

Butane is an alkane with the molecular formula c4h10

Answer 30

Methyl propane Butane and methyl propane ahve the same molecular formula , but different sirry curls formulas . Theses are called STRUCTURAL ISers

Answer 31

Molecules work the same molecular formula and different structural formulas

Answer 32

Change rhe poison of the double bond and you get pent2-ene

Answer 33

Pent-1-nee move carbon 5 to carbon 2

Answer 34

Take methyl group on and move methyl group onto carbon 3 , to get 3 methylbut1ene

Answer 35

We can move carbon 5 onto carbon 2 giving structure 2 methyl but 2 ene And that is all of them .

Answer 36

Check sheet for cycloalkanes of penitence

Answer 37

Some stringers nah be r thoight there was a fifth structure isomer . WITJ THR FIFTH CL ON THE methyl group but that’s jus another wya of smdraeing methul ptopane

Answer 38

Check sheet and lesrn

Answer 39

Functional gorip jsomers the molecules have the same molecular formula but different functional groups .

Answer 40

They diffeeent in the arrangement kf the hydrocarbon chain . Two examples SHEIN a

Answer 41

Have different positions of the functional group . On the hydrocarbon chain , one chlorbitane and 2chlorobutane are examples .

Answer 42

Stereosisomers are moelcuels with the the same struccutrl formula butatoms are arrnged differently in space .

Answer 43

Stereoisomers are molecules with the same structural formula, but atoms are arranged differently in space

Answer 44

Geometric jsomers And optical jsomers

Answer 45

KEY: single covalent bonds are fully rotational . AKA THE covalent bond between the two carbon atoms can rotate . All of the diagrams shown for the same molecule all that has been done is in each case is rotate the carbon bond between the carbon mains.

Answer 46

Double covalent bonds have very resiteicfwd rotation. A double covalent hind can flex slightly . But cannot rotate like a single covalent bind . This means that this meolcule actually exists in two different forms .

Answer 47

These are called geometrical jsomers or 1.2 dibromowrhwne check sheet One is CIS and one is TRANS KEY : cis/ trans jsomers is one of the naming systems for gemeoteixal jsomers . The other one is E/Z

Answer 48

Carbon atoms on the Dublin bond must have attached to 2 different groups. Can see this in the monster drawn before. Both carbon atoms on either side of the double bond is bonded to a bromine atom and a hydrogen atom.

Answer 49

At least one of these groups must be the same, on both carbon atoms on the double bond (in the in the case store, it is actually true for both the hydro and the bromine.)

Answer 50

Look at the group which is the same on both sides of the double bond. In this case we can choose either hydrogen, atoms or bromine atoms. We’re going to choose the hydrogen atoms in this case.

Answer 51

– If the two hydrogen atom are on the same side of the molecule, then this is a CISI. – however, if the two hydrogen atoms are opposite the molecule than this a trans is OMR .

Answer 52

In the case of this, the carbon atoms are on either side of the double bond and are both body to a hydrogen atom and meter group. We are going to stick with the hydrogen again. – In the C.I.S. is more hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the molecule (diagram on left). In trans, isomer and opposite size of the molecule, check the right side.

Answer 53

What is carbon atoms on either side of the double bond must be to 2 different groups. – at least one of those groups must be the same for both carbons. Looking at but one ehe we can see carbon one bonded two hogging atoms, so but1sbe is not a cis trans isomer .

Answer 54

This can have system isomers as a carbons on either sides of double bond is bonded to 2 different groups. (Carbon one is bonded to hydrogen and chlorine atom. Carbon is bonded to a hydrogen atom and eat our group. So here is the C.I.S. Trans isomer for 1-chlorobut1ene, check sheet .

Answer 55

start by looking at the grop ,kw hich is thw same , on the carbon atoms on either side of the double bond . +-In

Answer 56

Start by looking at the group which is the Same on the carbon atoms on either side of the double bond . In this case we are looking at the hydrogen atom .

Answer 57

If the group is ok the same side of the molecule then we fall it a Z ISOMER

Answer 58

We call it the e isomer

Answer 59

Check sheet , in this case , the carbon atoms on either side of the double bond are attached to four diffferent groups . -so we cannot name these isomers using cis/trans system .

Answer 60

lol at the atoms attached to the carbons on either side of the double bond The element with the greatest atomic number is given the highest priority .

Answer 61

So on the lhs bromine has higher priority .

Answer 62

So on the right hand side flooring has the higher priority.

Answer 63

HS – higher priority groups are on the same side of the molecule, so this is the z isomer .

Answer 64

LHS of the double bond we have a bromine atom and a iodine atom. Bromine has an atomic number of 35 and iodine has an atomic number of 53. So iodine has a higher priority.

Answer 65

I uncover. The atomic number of hydrogen is one and atomic number of carbonate six. Meaning group containing carbon has a higher priority. LHS – high priority groups are opposite size of the molecule, so it is a R isk ed. . RHS same side , so Aaron

Answer 66

HS – hydro atomic number of bond and chlorine atomic number seven. Chlorine has a higher priority. RHS carbon is one to another carbon so we cannot use this for priority. Then we have carbon and nitrogen. Carbon has an atomic number of six and nitro atomic number seven. Nous containing group has a heartpriority

Answer 67

Covid bonds all each carbon atom, phones, tetrahedral structure with bond, angles of 109.5°

Answer 68

Aia bond forms when electron orbitals from adjacent orbitals directly overlap . A sigma bond contains a parallel one from each atom, either side of the bond. The par of electrons in the bond directly between the bonding atoms.

Answer 69

However, in the case of alkanes, only a sigma bond can be formed.

Answer 70

The covalent bonding in alkanes are also relatively strong. And take a lot of energy to break.

Answer 71

Alkanes are insoluble in water. Because water molecules from hydrogen bonds with each other.

Answer 72

Online money or molecules alkanes are generally unreactive. Because of this strong covalent bond within an alkane molecules.

Answer 73

If we look at the boiling point of alkanes, we can see interesting, as the length of the carbon change increases so so temperature. Long-term archives have a higher boiling point as the carbon chain-link increases, we find the arcades at liquid and solids at room temperature.

Answer 74

Alkanes are non-polar, so the intermolecular forces acting between alkane molecules are included, dipole, dipole interactions.(London (dispersion forces.

Answer 75

There are two reasons for this.

Answer 76

A second reason – longer train alkanes have a great surface area then short to train alkanes. Meaning that there are many points along the molecule. They can form London forces,. Increasing number of electrons and increasing surface area increases London forces in Longtain arcade, so have a higher boiling point, then shorter chain alkanes

Answer 77

As branches, prevent the arcade molecule from getting close together. And London forces are strongest at shortest distances, so in branched chain, alkanes to London forces are reduced.

Answer 78

Alkanes are used extensively as fuels . Alkanes are used as the starting materials for produce of the whole range organic molecule, including pharmaceutical. You find arcades in crude oil Crude oil is a fossil fuel and formed on the ground from the remains of plants and animals. – Over millions of years, heat and pressure. Convert the chemicals in these remains crude oil. As we are using crude oil, faster than it’s formed, it’s non-renewable resource.

Answer 79

Cradle is a mix of street chain and Blanchard arcades. Along with other chemical sulphur. – Use these alkanes. You need to separate them using for distillation tied out column. In order to understand fraction station, need to need to learn about the full of arcades.

Answer 80

As alkanes are nonpolar – they have the forces. Key: long-term hydrocarbons have a greater serve area for formation of London forces, compared to shorter chain, alkanes. Meaning, it takes more energy to break the London forces in longer chain alkanes, so they have a higher boiling point, then shorter chain arc arc.

Answer 81

If we take liquid octane and heated to 126°, it boils converting to a liquid to a gas. If we take as a gas and we call it below, it’s boiling point it will condensed back to its liquid for (applies to any alkane.)

Answer 82

Crude oil is heated in the furnace. The temperature of the furnace is hot enough enough to boil a lot of the alkanes in the crude oil, converting them to a gas.

Answer 83

Next, the crude oil, vapours and liquid pass into the fraction column. The column is hotter at the bottom and become progressively cooler going upwards.

Answer 84

No, the crude oil, vapours, make their way up the column. A different levels of the column, we have collecting traits. These trays have bubbles, something which allows vapours to pass upwards.

Answer 85

As each alkane moves up the column, at some point, it will read, which is cooler than its boiling point.

Answer 86

Now the alkane condenses back into a liquid and passes out the column. This alkane with shorter carbon chains have lower boiling input. so we collect them at the top. Long chain arcades have a high boiling point, and therefore collect at the bottom.

Answer 87

Key: fraction desolation does not separate each individual arcade. Instead, each fraction contains a number of alkanes with similar boiling points. To separate each individually, we need multiple rounds of fractional distillation.

Answer 88

The fraction is used to make petrol in vehicles and as of raw material for the chemical industry.

Answer 89

Crude oil tends to contain a high proportion of long contain hydrocarbons, then solitude. So when we carry the crude oil, we did not produce the last amount of the petrol/the fraction. – In contrast, we produce more of the longer term fractions which are less demand. Because of this, there is an economic benefit to converting long chain, hard carbons disorder, hard carbons. We do this wire process called cracking.

Answer 90

Cracking converts, long chain, hydrocarbons into short hydrocarbons.

Answer 91

As well as producing alkanes, cracking water produces alkanes. Unlike alkanes, which are highly reactive molecules. Alkanes are a major feed stock (warm material) for the chemical industry and are used to make a range of products, including polymers.

Answer 92

The two methods include thermal, cracking and catalytic cracking.

Answer 93

Thermal cracking requires both a high temperature and a high-pressure. – Needs to be around 450 to 900° and the pressure is around 70 atm Arcades are converted into short chain ales ales and Al Keynes. – Hydrogen can also be one of the products. The product shown examples of what we could produce. However, I should point out that the specific products depend on the exact conditions.

Answer 94

Internal cracking, we make a high percentage of lakebed in produce in the products and as we’ve seen, our canes are very useful molecules due to their high reactivity .

Answer 95

Remember: the total number of carbon must be the same on both sides of the equator. In different isomers are possible, then that will be taken into account in the question.

Answer 96

A Covid and bond between the two carbon atoms splits. To form a molecular molecules. Remember, covalent bond is a pair of electrons.

Answer 97

When the covalent bond splits, both of the intimate in Michael, now fuse, one unpaired electron. Scientist called isn’t molecule like this for free radical. Key, don’t need to know the mechanism for thermal cracking.

Answer 98

Class is a cracking auto, requires a high temperature 450°. However, catalytic Cratic cracking does not require high-pressure. , In fact, the pressure of catalytic cracking is about one to 2 atmospheres.

Answer 99

Catalytic crack and use a zealite list. Which contains a mixture of aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide. Zeolite has a large surface are called an effective catalyst.

Answer 100

What arcades are special used for petrol as they combust very efficiently. – Catalytic crack also produce cyclic hydrocarbons like benzene.

Answer 101

Nonpolar as carbon and hydrogen acids are very similar electronegativity. In later, flashcards, you will see many molecules that react due to the polarity, so because they are non-polar, arcades are not very reactive.

Answer 102

The bonded arcades are relatively strong. And take a lot of energy. Again, making them unreactive molecules.

Answer 103

Buy free radicals (a.k.a. as radical)

Answer 104

A free radical is any species with an unpaired electron. Two examples, shown on sheet. We have the rhyming for radical and the meat through radical. You show the unpaired electron as a dot. Key card free radicals are highly reactive species. Even though alkanes are unreactive molecules, they can react with free radicals.

Answer 105

Reaction between methane and bromine. So the hydrogen atom on the methane molecule, has been substituted with a bromine atom . And this reaction has a free radical, this reacted example of a free radical substitution.

Answer 106

I’m showing you that equation. We also see free radical substitution the reaction between me and chlorine. Showing that equation here.

Answer 107

There are three stages in this reaction. Initiation Propagation. Termination

Answer 108

First – initiation. We shine UV light onto the reaction mix. The end of the UV light causes single covalent bond between the two bromide atoms to break.

Answer 109

You need to remember that a single covalent bond consist of a power of electrons. – When the bond breaks like this come on one electron now goes to eat breed atom.

Answer 110

Because these now have an unpaired electron, these are bromine free radicals. – When a covalent bond split in this way, scientist called this homolytic fission .

Answer 111

I should point out, we only require a few of the broken monitors to form free radicals , in the initiation stage.

Answer 112

Romy through radical reacts with a methane molecule. Remember that a Free Radical has an unpaired electron. To make an electron pair, the bromine Free Radical , takes a hygiene atom plus one electron from the methane molecule. In order to illustrate this, electrons are shown in the covalent bond in the methane molecule as a gree green dots. This reaction produces both a hydrogen bromide and a methyl Free Radical

Answer 113

The methyl free radical now reacts with a bromine Melville , producing our end products bromoethene and another bromine free radical .

Answer 114

We can see that they form a chain reaction. The bromine Free Radical formed in propagation, step two. Can now go back react with the methane in propagation step one. – This will continue until the final stage which is called termination.

Answer 115

Two free radicals react together form molecule with no unpaired electrons. – This is now a stable molecule and no longer takes place in the reaction.

Answer 116

Two bromine, free radicals, can form a bromine molecule.

Answer 117

To meet all three radicals can form a molecule of ethane.

Answer 118

Or , Amith are free radical under bromine, free radical conform molecule of Bromoethane

Answer 119

We get a whole range of side products. Example bromine free radical, reacts with a molecule of bromoethane then we make dibromoethane . Can get further reactions to form tetrabromoethane .

Answer 120

In the termination step, we can make Ethan. This ethane can also react with bromine free radicals. Forming, all molecule step .

Answer 121

We could produce a whole range of product molecules.

Answer 122

However, we don’t need to use this.

Answer 123

Alkanes or saturated hydrocarbons with a general formula cnh2n+2 All the Covalent bonds in alkane are sigma bonds . Sigma bonds form when electron orbitals directly overlap.

Answer 124

In alkanes, bond, angles tetrahedral (109.5°.) – Sigma bonds are really rotational.

Answer 125

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with general formula cnh2n. Thing to notice is that ethene is a planar molecule . We looked up planar molecules in the topic of structure, bonding . Planar normal molecules of flat, with all the atoms lying on the same plane .

Answer 126

We have three bonding reasons around each carbon atom . These bonding regions repel and move as far apart as possible. – Meaning that bond angles around carbon atoms are around 120°.

Answer 127

Just likee ethane , ethene has signs finds between carbon and hydrogen atoms . However, the double bond actually consist of two types of Covalent bondd , When the double bond forms, we form one sigma bond between the carbon atom. At this point, each carbon atom has one electron left in a p orbital. These orbitals lie above, and below the plane of a molecule.

Answer 128

Which is above and below the sigma bond. Key: even though overlap occurs above, and below the sigma bond, we only form one PI bond .

Answer 129

Unlike sigma bonds, a PI bond can rotate. That’s because any rotation would reduce the overlap of the p orbitals .

Answer 130

As the PI bond cannot rotate, this means that the structure of an alkane across the double bond is actually locked. Can see this so with 1,2 sicholroethene . As the molecule cannot rotate, the molecule exist as two isomers E and Z isomers. – Al form stereoisomers as double bonds. Can’t rotate.

Answer 131

Due to the double bond. – Bond and enthalpy of pie bond is less than a sigma bond. As PI bond is a sideways overlap of the orbitals, where I was in a sigma bond, the orbitals directly overlap. – As the orbitals over up sideways, PI bond is easier to break. – As it takes less energy to break PI bond, it is more likely tobreak in a reaction.

Answer 132

So we have a par of electrons in Sigma bond and parallel electrons in PI bond. Because of this – double bonds is a reason of high electron density. This high electron density makes alkenes reactive molecules.

Answer 133

a double bond cosnits of sigma bond and a pi bond . -Both of these bodns contain a pair of electrons . so the double bond in alkenes actually consits of four electrons . -this region of high electron densitry determines how alkene reacts .

Answer 134

A double bond consists of A sigma bond and a pi bond . Both of these bonds between the pair of electrons. For the double bond in alkrned Actually consists of four electrons, meaning the double bond is a region of high electricity. This reason of Hi electron density determines how alkrned react .

Answer 135

A Reaction between alkenes and hydrogen halides .

Answer 136

Key: halogen atoms are more electronegative than hydrogen. This means hydrogen halides molecules. Have a permanent dipole. As you can see, in the hydrogen hate, I don’t want to, the hydrogen atom Has a very positive charge on the halogen atom has a small negative charge.

Answer 137

Hydrogen bromide, Molly to approach is the alkrned The positive hydrogen on the hydrogen bromide is attracted to the high electron density of the double bond, scientists call this and electrophille.

Answer 138

Is there any positive ion molecule which is attracted to a region of high electron density.

Answer 139

The positive charge on the hydrogen atom, attracts the power of electrons in the pie bond of the alkene. This pair of electrons move Towards the hydrogen atom, and we use a curly arrow to show that power of electrons.

Answer 140

– A covalent bond is a pair of electrons. – When you draw a curry hour, make sure that the arrows starts exactly whether electrons are moving from and ends exactly where they are moving to.

Answer 141

As you can see, covalent bond is not forming towards the hydrogen atom, in the hydrogen bromide. This presents a problem

Answer 142

Abhay didn’t atoms can only have one covalent bond. So come at the same time, the pair of electrons in the covalent bond between the hydrogen and bromine now move onto the bromine atom. Shown as a curry Aaron.

Answer 143

When a covalent bond, breaks like this, with both electrons, going to one atom, scientist called is heterolytic fission.

Answer 144

St the end of this stage we now have two products . -we have a positively charged intermediate molecule formed from The alkrne .scientists call this the carbocation intermediate. This contains a positively charged carbon atom.

Answer 145

Because it has lost its share of the electron pair that What in the pipe on. – We have also found a negatively charged by my own come on. This is a negatively charged because, both of electrons are in the cupboard up come on out on the Brokide ion .

Answer 146

Number one if we were to look at the whole creation, we can see the hydrobromide has added to the Ethene Examples of an Alexa. .2, the Allen’s in thsi reaction id ethene Which is a symmetrical Monica. Meaning I can only make one for product. However, if we were to carry out a asymmetrical alkene like but 1 ene Then we can make two possible products.

Answer 147

showing addition of hydrogenbromide to the symettrical alkneen but2-3n3 . -Showing carbocation inermediate withthe postiive charge on the carbon 2 , Making porduct 2bromoethane .

Answer 148

We always number from the carbon atom that will produce the lowest possible numbers . -if we number from the right most carbon we can still make 2brokoburaje . SO NEED TO REMEMEBER WE ADD ABHUDIRGEN HAOODE TONSUKMERRICAL WE ONLT MAKE one product .

Answer 149

When an asymmetrical alkene reacts with a hydrogen halide molecule we can actually form two isomers . THIS ADEPENDS ON WHUCH carbon atom has the positive chathe in the carbocation intermediate .

Answer 150

It can have a positive chathe on the carbon 2 We make 2bromobutane . KEY : we dont make equal amounts of these products . We actually make a lot more 2/brokortuane then 2 bromoethane .

Answer 151

Idea is that a carbocation intermediate is on unstable molecule thag only exists for a short period of time . -the stability of the carbocation depends on how many alkyl groups are bonded to the carbon atom with the positive chathe. .

Answer 152

An alkyl groip is a group containing a carbon and hydrogen atoms . This is shown in red .

Answer 153

It is called a primary carbocation .

Answer 154

We call this a secondary carbocations .

Answer 155

Longer period of time . Therefore is more likely to form a product , explaining why 2brokobutane is a major product and 1bromobutsje is a minor product .

Answer 156

Look at markowikoffs rule When a Hydrogen halides reacts with an asymmetric alkene, the hydrogen atom of the hydrogen HALD or is more likely to bond to the carbon atom which is attached to the greater number of hydrogen atoms.

Answer 157

Going back to but1ene , one can see that carbon 2 is bonded to two hydrogen atoms . Whereas carbon3 is bonded to only 1hydirgen atom . -so in this case , the hydrogen of the hydrogen bromide is more likely to bond with carbon 1 . So 2bromothingy is major product .

Answer 158

As we have seen , secondary carbocations are more stable than primary carbocations . That is because the electrons in the alkyl groups can shift towards the positive charge . -the effect of this is to stabilise the positive chagve . Scientists call this the POSITIVE INDUCED EFFECT .

Answer 159

Making it MORE STBALE that primary carbocations .

Answer 160

The tertiary carbocation had 3 alkyl groups bonded tk the positive carbons rom . /making the terraria cabdocaitons even more stable than the secondary carbocations . So the major product would be from the tertiary carbocations .

Answer 161

-in this reaction , the halogen molecule adds across the double bond . -another example of electropjile addition hair et as we will see the mechanism is slightly different .

Answer 162

As halogen molecules do not have a permanent dipole .

Answer 163

-first stage of rs film , bromine molecule approaches the ethene molecule . -bromine Dosent have permanent dipole , however , we double kind of the alkene is a region of higher electron density . -fhis huhh electron density , repels the electron pair of the covalent bond in the hormone molecule . -THIS MEANS BROMINE JSD SN INDUCED DIPOLE

Answer 164

On stage 2 , the pair dk electrons in the oi bond of the alkrne are attracted the the positive bromine. . So I’m this case , fhe positive bromine is acting as an rlectropjille . -sos from pairs now form a covalent bond in the bromine atom now bread and pairs of electrons love onto the otherr bromine atom . -when a covalent bond breaks like this with both electrons going to the same atom . Scientists call this heteorlyic fission .

Answer 165

In stage three, the electron lair on the bromide ion , are attracted to the positive cadbocn atom in the carbocation intermediate . /the electron oair Joe forms a covalent bond and we have our final product . Production this case is 1,3 dibromowrhwne .

Answer 166

In this reaction , halogen molecule adds across the double bond . -meaning , two halogen atom end up on the adjacanet carbon atom . -we cannot get bjt halogen atoms on on the same carbon atoms .

Answer 167

Halogen had induced dipole . Hydrogen js life has permanent dipole

Answer 168

Makes only one product with asymmetric alkene . Snakes major and minor product with asumemetricnalkene .

Answer 169

Check if it’s unsaturated add drops of bromine water and gently shake the rest tube . If our substance is usbtwurated then the bromine will add across the double bond and product of reaction will be colourless . If saturated the bromine water can’t react and remain orange .

Answer 170

Scientists call this a hydration reaction SHEIN hydration reaction of ethene . - in hydration , the water is in the form of steam and phosphoric acid is used as a catalysts . The temperature js 300 degrees and the pressure ejs about 6p atmospheres

Answer 171

Catalyst for this reaction. Js phosphoric acid . Structure shown Soho’s rich acid has 3 hydrogen atoms each handed to oxygen . /As we have seen , oxygen is a strongly electronegative element . Meaning phosphoric acid is a polar molecule . -oxygen atoms ahve a partial negative chathe and the hydrogen atoms have a partial positive chathe .

Answer 172

The pair of electrons I. The pi bond of the ethene of are attracted to one of the positive hydrogen atoms in the phosphoric acid . -in this case , the positive hydrogen atoms act as an relectropjille .

Answer 173

-now fhe paid dk electrons in the oi bond form a covalent bond to the hydrogen atoms -at the same time , in the covalent bond between the hydrogen and oxygen breaks . -the pair of electrons Joe move complete on to the digger Aron . As we have seen in stage one we have a fabrication intemvolule with a podi r carbon ion and a dihydrogen phosphate ion with a negative oxygen ion .

Answer 174

Meaning we need to regenerate the phosphoric acid in a layer stage. .

Answer 175

The carbocations intermediate reacts with a molecule of water. , in the form of steam . Rememeber that the oxygen atoms in the water meolcules have two loke pairs of electrons . -of these lone pairs now form a covalent bond between the oxygen and the positive carbon atom I the carbon stink intel’s . -at the end of season2 , we now have an intermediate molecule containing a positive oxygen atom . this oxygen is positive bevause it’s lone pair of electrons have formed a coal net bond .

Answer 176

Final stage , involves a hydrogen phosphate ion , we made earlier , the hydrogen ojsoapjge ion forms a cola net bond to snyfrigen in the intermediate disks. -at the same time the covalent bond in the intermolecular now breaks this is herotic fission z And now a pair of elections in the home joenkove coklerly into the thay xx Now we have made our profit ethanol and rheenrated our phosphoric acid catalyst. .

Answer 177

What about asysyemtic sleekness slimempropene xx How do we detmeine what carbon atom will bond to the hydrogen atom of the wnd which to neenejje Hydrogen atoms likeee idek aahruh chekc gmthatbcudeo idk what I’m suaing .

Answer 178

This reaction is called hdyirgenarikn

Answer 179

Hydrogen Melodie’s add across the double bone . / so when hydrogen jokes srionnwlekensbeucubisbabuhsatueated keolcue we make an alkane which is SAIT aree .

Answer 180

Also requires a solid catalyst liek nciken . Unlike other reactions in alkenes , hydrogenation does not take place by electro Philip reaction .

Answer 181

Margarine js made by the hydrogenation of vegetable oils .

Answer 182

Unsaturated fatty acids have one double bond which is why vegetable oil has had no boiling point by hydrogenation. We increase the most important which converts from a liquid into like a solid. However, the conditions are controlled so hydrogenation only passed your cars so early. Sunil is the double ones are hydrogenated to increase the melting point.

Answer 183

polymers can be divdied into two large categroies -addition -condensation

Answer 184

we form polymers by joining togetheer the ends of small identical molecules called monomers . -when we form addition polymers the monomers aare alkanes . -EXAMPLES ethene forming an addition polymer - youneed high temperature and high pressure as well as a CATLAS . then you form poly(ethene )

Answer 185

When alkenes form a polhymer ---> double bond in the alkenes oppen up and join one moenemer to another , -KEY ; polymer is formed sorry maed by using word poly named by the monomer next in brackets . -POLYETHENE is used to make plastic bags and bottles .

Answer 186

this means that despite being formed from a

Answer 187

These bonds are both non ppl are are really strong making them Difficult to break . -due to this , addition polymers are unregistered to Molecules . -this lack of rescifocru , means that addition polymers can exist in the environment for a very long time .

Answer 188

Appears rhat carbon only has three covalent bonds . -need to remember during polymerisation , other molecules are added to up the ends of the polymer chain .

Answer 189

Repeating units show the arrangement of works that are repeated in the polymer chain.

Answer 190

Then we draw two faebon atoms plus the hydrogen atoms above and poolroom . -draw the square brackets around . We then draw the covalent bonds coming from each of the two carbon atoms , extending through the square brackets .

Answer 191

The polymer . I am showing has 14 in geh chain for example . So we need to put a number 7(9; example to represent the repeating units .

Answer 192

If we know the structure of a polymer . We can workoit thenpolymer Monomer has a double bond but the repeating u tk does not

Answer 193

We saw that addition polymers are very jnreavtive molecules . That js because the carbon hydrogen and carbon carbon double bonds . -are both non polar and relatively strong . This makes the bonds difficult tk break .

Answer 194

Addition polymers to make containers for food and drinks without the polymer reacting with don what

Answer 195

Additions are non biodegradable . This means , they are not broken down by microorganisms in the environment . Because of this , sdditioknpolymers can pollute the environment receded in . This can be extremely harmful to wildlife -s.g sea birds can be entangled in polymers mehejnlpokojgnfot food . This can be fatal

Answer 196

The crude oil needs to be transported and refined which requires energy .

Answer 197

As you can see , manufactures and dispose of Addition polymers xan have major effects on the environment

Answer 198

1.firstly , rather than sending waste polymers to landfills they can be combusted , generating energy . 2.hwieger , combusting polymers can release harmful chemicals .

Answer 199

Polychloroerjsne PVC contains chlorine worms when combusted the gas hydrogen chloride is produced . -hydrogen chloride is corrosive and must be removed from any waste gases before they are release .

Answer 200

Polymers wast can be sorted into different and recycled into new products . By recycling polymers we can reduce use of crude oils and amount of work in landfills . .

Answer 201

In feedstock replying , waste polymers are converted back to simple hydrocarbons FHESE hydrocarbons can be cracked and conveyed into different polymers . ADVANTAGE- waste polymers do not need sorting . Feedstock trucking allows us to finger one polymer into a different polymers

Answer 202

They are usually based on billogciak mass plants Benefit of thee elllyners did they naturally break due to the ACGION of kicrograjossm . They seldom Manufacture form oak t materials as renebwske resource

Answer 203

BIodherabslen addition polymers . -science are also working on oil base dooleyenrrs slowing broken down in sunlight called motogrwdwbkenpolyners .

Answer 204

In which the carbon atoms are joined together in Tibet striaght unbrandhed chains or benched chains

Answer 205

In which the carbon atoms are joined together in Tibet striaght unbrandhed chains or benched chains

Answer 206

In which carbon atoms are joined together in a ring structure but are not aromatic

Answer 207

In which there is at least one benzene ring in the sturdier

Answer 208

Chekc page 169

Answer 209

They are very stable because the electrons are shared across all the carbon atoms this part of the leaflike is hel take yingogle dijnsjubfrukcislnreacitons and often represented used skeletal formula .

Answer 210

Check page 169

Answer 211

When a coslne thing breaks and each electron goes to a different bonded atom . This generates two highly reactive neutral specials called facials , radicals have one or more unpaired electrons shows as dots Chlorine molecule Yh light .

Answer 212

When a covalent thing breaks and hotje leftrokengontonojenofbthebhojdedbsorksntuisbreiskrsbijbabosituhevgwriojnajdbajuojnheijtnrorkee Broski stuff hrokopsjenjasnandiple

Answer 213

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Module 4.1 Flashcards

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